1. 1 Section 3 Voyages of Portugal and Spain WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 16 EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION

2. PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS Analyze the pictures by completing the primary source analysis sheet When finished, read the actual description of the primary source Write a summary explaining the significance of each document Share with the class 2

3. WHAT CAME TO BE CALLED AMERICA By 1492 people had lived in the Western Hemisphere for a long period of time. They experienced virtually no recorded, sustained contact with other parts of the world -- Europe, Africa, or Asia. diverse habitats and climates varied and productive agriculture Diverse lifestyles and belief systems Spoke hundreds of languages Aztec and Inca empires: internal warfare common Very distinct, separate cultures Natives later labeled “Indians” by the Europeans Main areas of focus: the Caribbean, Middle America, the Andean region, and North America. In order to understand what came to be called America we are often dependent on European observations 3

4. KEY VOCABULARY 4 Triangular trade Columbian Exchange Treaty of Tordesillas Middle Passage

5. KEY PEOPLE 5 Prince Henry Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Amerigo Vespucci Ferdinand Magellan

6. READING FROM THE TEXT Read pp. 392-399 with W.S. Map 6

7. PORTUGAL’S FIRST EXPLORERS 7 Portuguese and Spanish explorers made the first European voyages into unknown waters. One man largely responsible for Portugal’s interest in exploration was Prince Henry. Prince Henry’s first goal was to find gold for Portugal. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Vasco da Gama sailed eastward across the Indian Ocean. He landed in India in 1498. Thanks to Dias and da Gama, an overseas trade route from Europe to India and the West Indies was now available.

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9. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 9 Spain became interested in the search for new trade routes. Christopher Columbus believed that a shorter route to Asia could be found by sailing westward instead of sailing around the tip of Africa. In August 1492, Columbus set sail with his three ships – the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. Columbus believed the islands he had found lay off the east coast of India so he called them the Indies. He had actually found the Americas.

10. THE IMPACT OF COLUMBUS’ VOYAGES 10 In the years following Columbus’ voyages a massive exchange took place between the so-called New World and the Old World of Europe. This interaction is often called the Columbian Exchange. The exchange affected the way people in both worlds lived. Not everything the Columbian Exchange brought to the New World was helpful. European sailors carried smallpox and other diseases westward.

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12. SMALL POX READINGS Small Pox: Historical Background Information 1. Read and highlight key terms/facts 2. In the margins, summarize each section The Plague Ravages the City Reading 1. Reaction to the text/picture 12

13. DIVIDING THE NEW LANDS 13 During the late 1400s Spain and Portugal often claimed the same newly discovered lands. To settle these conflicts, Pope Alexander VI issued an edict in 1493. The Pope’s edict drew an imaginary line from north to south through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Alexander gave Spain the rights to all newly discovered lands west of the line. Portugal could claim discoveries east of the line. Neither country, however, could take lands already held or claimed by another Christian ruler.

14. DIVIDING THE NEW LANDS 14 The Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal moved the line farther west. Over time, Spain took control of most of Central and South America. The Spanish also claimed the Philippines. Portugal claimed lands on the eastern and western coasts of Africa.

15. VESPUCCI, BALBOA, AND MAGELLAN 15 Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian navigator who crossed the Atlantic several times as part of Spanish and Portuguese expeditions. He argued the “New World” was not part of Asia. A mapmaker called the land America after Vespucci. Balboa made an overland crossing of the Isthmus of Panama. This discovery made it clear that the New World was not part of Asia. Magellan proved Balboa was correct. He crossed the Atlantic to South America. He found a great ocean and named it the Pacific Ocean because it was so calm.

16. THE SLAVE TRADE 16 The Portuguese went to Africa to trade. The slave trade grew quickly when the Portuguese set up sugar plantations on islands off the coast of Africa. To make a profit, large numbers of slaves were required. Plantation owners brought these slaves from the African mainland.

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20. TRIANGULAR TRADE 20 Slave trade in the Atlantic was part of a system known as the triangular trade. First, merchants shipped cotton goods, weapons, and liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold. The second stage called the Middle Passage was the shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas. To complete the triangle, merchants sent the plantations’ products to Europe.

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22. AFRICAN KINGDOMS AND SLAVERY 22 Not all African states participated in the slave trade with Europeans. Some Africans who lived in the interior helped the Europeans capture and move slaves. In return, they received European-made arms and other goods.

23. 23 Read/Annotate the two slavery accounts and complete the chart. SLAVERY ACCOUNTS

24. VIDEO: FOOD, DEMOGRAPHICS, AND CULTURE 15 Notes http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory /unit_main_16.html http://www.learner.org/courses/worldhistory /unit_main_16.html 24

25. IMPACT: GOOD OR BAD? Native Americans: How did the Exchange affect Natives? African Americans: How did the Exchange affect A.A.? Europeans: How did the Exchange affect Europeans? Rate each effect as either positive or negative and explain why. Which effect had the greatest impact and why? 25

26. FRQ 16.3: COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: YOU DECIDE Review pp. 392-399 and W.S. Argue whether the Columbian Exchange had more of a positive impact or negative impact on the New World and Old World. Include specific examples of what was exchanged and how it was positive or negative for the natives, slaves, and Europeans, and what had a greater impact as a whole and why. Introduction with Thesis: The Columbian Exchange ultimately had a positive impact on the New and Old World because it… Positive Influences Negative Influences Greater Impact? Conclusion 26

27. CRASH COURSE: COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNpfM4&list=PLBDA2E52FB 1EF80C9&index=23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNpfM4&list=PLBDA2E52FB 1EF80C9&index=23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY&list=PLBDA2E52FB1 EF80C9&index=24 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY&list=PLBDA2E52FB1 EF80C9&index=24 27

28. THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE WEAKENS 28 The great Portuguese empire declined almost as rapidly as it had grown. The Portuguese government did not have the financial wealth to support so large an empire.

29. CH. 16 REVIEW! WHAT TO STUDY! KeplerPhillip II CortesScientific Revolution MercantilismPlantation Agriculture DescartesCommercial Revolution PortugalColumbian Exchange SpainTariffs DutchJoint Stock Companies MagellanChristopher Columbus Balance of TradeTechnological Improvements Middle Passage All Quizzes and Homework! Vasco Da Gama 29