1. Fungi!!!

2. 1.“Who” are fungi’s closest relatives on the tree of life? How do we know this?

3. Ecosystems would be in trouble without fungi to decompose dead organisms, fallen leaves, feces, and other organic materials. This decomposition recycles vital chemical elements back to the environment in forms other organisms can assimilate. Fungi are eukaryotes and most are multicellular While once grouped with plants, fungi generally differ from other them in nutritional mode, structural organization, growth, and reproduction. Molecular (DNA) studies indicate that animals, not plants, are the closest relatives of fungi. Fungi

4. 2.How do fungi “eat”?

5. Fungi are heterotrophs that acquire their nutrients by absorption. Exoenzymes, powerful hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the fungus, digest food outside its body to simpler compounds that the fungus can absorb and use. They absorb small organic molecules from the surrounding medium Absorptive nutrition enables fungi to live as decomposers

6. 3.Describe the “body” of a typical fungus a.what is it called? b.where is it found?

7. The vegetative bodies of most fungi are constructed of tiny filaments called hyphae that form an interwoven mat called a mycelium. Extensive surface area and rapid growth adapt fungi for absorptive nutrition

8. Fungal mycelia can be huge, but they usually escape notice because they are subterranean. One giant individual of Armillaria ostoyae in Oregon is 3.4 miles in diameter and covers 2,200 acres of forest, It is at least 2,400 years old, and weighs hundreds of tons. (X-Files anyone?) Fungal hyphae have cell walls. The cell walls are built mainly of chitin, a strong but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide, identical to that found in arthropods (insect, lobster exoskeletons adre chitin).

9. Parasitic fungi usually have some hyphae modified as haustoria, nutrient-absorbing hyphal tips that penetrate the tissues of their host. Some fungi even have hyphae adapted for preying on animals.

10. Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually. Dispersed widely by wind or water, spores germinate to produce mycelia if they land in a moist place where there is food. The purpose of mushrooms is to release these spores Mold spores

11. 4. Briefly describe one major identifying fact about each fungi group Chytrids Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Lichens

12. Four Types of Fungi 1. Chytrids 2. Zygomycota 3. Ascomycota 4. Basidiomycota

13. The chytrids are mainly aquatic. Molecular evidence supports the hypothesis that chytrids are the most primitive fungi. 1. Chytrids

14. Like other fungi, chytrids use an absorptive mode of nutrition and have chitinous cell walls. Chytrids are major water ecosystem decomposers

15. Chytrid fungi are responsible for the worldwide frog die off occurring. Global warming has allowed for wetter / warmer environments that this fungus does better in.

16. Most of the 600 zygomycete, or zygote fungi, are terrestrial, living in soil or on decaying plant and animal material. 2. Zygomycota: Bread mold is a zygote fungi

17. Mycologists have described over 60,000 species of ascomycetes, or sac fungi. 3. Ascomycota: (sac fungi) Morel mushrooms and truffels are both members of this group

18. Approximately 25,000 fungal species belong to this group which includes: Mushrooms shelf fungi Puffballs 4. Basidiomycota: (club fungi) Basidiomycetes are important decomposers of wood and other plant materials.

19. “Fairy ring ” A ring of mushrooms may appear where trees used to be At the center of the ring are areas where the mycelium has already consumed all the available nutrients. As the mycelium radiates out, it decomposes the organic matter in the soil and mushrooms form just behind this advancing edge.

20. 5. Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi) Not a true division in fungi A temporary holding spot for any fungi that has an unknown mechanism of reproduction (i.e. If it has never been observed how a particular fungus reproduces sexually than itt goes in this group)

21. *A mold is a rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungus*. (A general term could be from any of the four divisions of fungi) The mycelia of these fungi grow and decompose the food source

22. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats, including plant sap and animal tissues. Yeasts reproduce asexually by simple cell division or budding off a parent cell.

23. Humans have used yeasts to raise bread or ferment alcoholic beverages for thousands of years. Various strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an ascomycete, have been developed as baker’s yeast and brewer’s yeast. Baker’s yeast releases small bubbles of CO 2 that leaven dough. Brewer’s yeast ferment sugars into alcohol. 1. Glucose Pyruvate + ATP NAD+ NADH 2. Pyruvate + NADH Ethanol

24. While often mistaken for mosses or other simple plants when viewed at a distance, lichens are actually a symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic green algae held in a mesh of fungal hyphae. The merger of fungus and algae is so complete that they are actually given genus and species names, as though they were a single organism

25. The fungal hyphae provides lichen’s overall shape and structure and adheres it to rocks, trees. The algal component resides within the hyphae and provides sugar made in photosynthesis to the fungus. Lichens live in environments where neither fungi nor algae could live alone Fungus cradling its precious algae ball. Fungus: “Oh how I love you little algae ball”

26. Lichens are important pioneers on newly cleared rock and soil surfaces, such as burned forests and volcanic flows. The lichen acids penetrate the outer crystals of rocks and help break down the rock. This is how soil form on new rock surfaces (volcano) Plants can move in once there is a thin soil

27. 5. Define / explain Mycorrhizae

28. **Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi*** The extensions of the fungal mycelium from the mycorrhizae greatly increases the absorptive surface of the plant roots. The fungus provides minerals from the soil for the plant The plant provides organic nutrients. Root tip covered w/ fungal hyphae

29. Mycorrhizae are enormously important in natural ecosystems and in agriculture. Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota all have members that form mycorrhizae. The fungi in these permanent associations periodically form fruiting bodies for sexual reproduction. **Plant growth without mycorrhizae is stunted***

30. Animals are much less susceptible to parasitic fungi than are plants. Only about 50 fungal species are known to parasitize humans and other animals, but their damage can be disproportionate to their taxonomic diversity. The general term for a fungal infection is mycosis. Infections of ascomycetes produce the disease ringworm, known as athlete's foot when they grow on the feet. Cryptoccosis is a fungal lung disease most commonly associated with pigeon droppings. Candida albicans is a normal inhabitant of the human body, but it can become an opportunistic pathogen (oral thrush + vaginal)

31. 6. Describe 3 reasons why fungi are very important to humans:

32. 1. They are decomposers (recycle organic matter) 2. Food: Mycorrhizae increase crop production in agriculture Mushrooms: the fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) are eaten by many. Truffles, are prized by gourmets for their complex flavors. The mold Aspergillus is used to produce citric acid for colas. Yeasts are used in baking, brewing, and winemaking 3. Medicine: some fungi produce antibiotics used to treat bacterial diseases Fungi are important in our lives The first antibiotic discovered was penicillin, made by the common mold Penicillium