1. 1 제목 서강대학교 교수학습센터 부소장 정유성 Chapter 27: Poverty, development and hunger

2. Poverty Near-universal monetary-based conception among governments and international organizations –A condition suffered by people - mostly female - who do not earn enough money to satisfy their basic material requirements –Regarded as external to developed countries, but defining feature of the Third World –Provides justification for the former to help ‘develop’ the latter through market integration

3. Moving up the political agenda Increasingly endured by significant sectors of the population in the North Critical alternative view: emphasis on lack of access to community-regulated common resources, community ties and spiritual values Poverty

4. Development 1945: US-led liberal international economic order –Institutional pillars: IMF, World Bank, and GATT –Embedded liberalism (Ruggie) Cold war: competition between the West and the East to win developing world allies –Growth within a free market –State’s role in promoting development

5. 1980s: progress according to the “orthodox development criteria” –GDP per capita –Economic growth –Industrialization –But: gap between the richest and poorest 20% of world population widening drastically 1990’s: –More debt for developing countries than 1980’s –Economic decline in Eastern bloc countries Development

6. Discrediting of ‘trickle-down’? – Economic/social change should accompany growth Dependency theorists: export-oriented, free-market development increased wealth for West and Southern elites Development

7. New index (1990): UNDP Human Development Index –Measures development by longevity, education, and average purchasing power National Poverty Reduction Strategies: –Response to shortcomings in orthodoxy –Criticized on national ownership & policy content Development

8. A critical alternative view Increasing debate about what constitutes development –New role of NGOs, grassroots activists Alternative view: –Based on the transformation of existing status-quo power structures –Seeks local control and empowerment to facilitate community progress on its own terms –Alternative Declarations of NGOs stress  Community participation, empowerment, equity, self- reliance, and sustainability

9. The orthodoxy incorporates criticisms Orthodox view: –Sustainable development achieved by growth within global free-market economy –Maximizing wealth frees resources for environment and social progress Mainstream debate: shift from growth to sustainable development

10. The orthodoxy incorporates criticisms Approved by UNCED and Copenhagen Summit –Many developing countries advocate embedded liberalism: market liberalism and political stability

11. Hunger Orthodox explanation: population growth outstrips food production Paradox: food production has grown, but hunger and malnourishment are still widespread –Globalization contributes to both production and hunger

12. Alternative explanation: lack of access or entitlement to available food –North/South global divide –Particular national policies –Rural/urban divides –Class, gender, and race Hunger