1. Appreciating Human Diversity Fifteenth Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak University of Michigan A n t h r o p o l o g y McGraw-Hill © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

2. 22-2 ARTS, MEDIA, AND SPORTS C H A P T E R 22-2

3. 22-3 ARTS, MEDIA, AND SPORTS What Is Art? Art, Society, and Culture Media and Culture Sports and Culture

4. 22-4 ARTS, MEDIA, AND SPORTS What are the arts, and how have they varied historically and cross-culturally? How does culture influence the media, and media affect culture? How are culture and cultural contrasts expressed in sports?

5. 22-5 WHAT IS ART? Arts: include music, theater arts, visual arts, storytelling, and literature Expressive culture: manifestations of human creativity Many cultures lack terms that can be translated easily as “art” or “the arts”

6. 22-6 WHAT IS ART? Art: an object, event, or other expressive form that evokes an aesthetic reaction Aesthetics: an appreciation of the qualities perceived in art Mills: in many cultures, role of art lover lacks definition, because art not viewed as separate activity

7. 22-7 ART AND RELIGION Maquet: Artwork is something that stimulates and sustains contemplation Much art is done in association with religion Art may be created, performed, or displayed outdoors in public or in special indoor settings Art is produced for its aesthetic value as well as religious purposes

8. 22-8 LOCATING ART Tribal societies typically lack museums, but some maintain special areas where artistic expression takes place State societies rely on critics, judges, and experts to define what’s art and what isn’t We need to avoid applying our own standards about what is art to the products of other cultures Kalabari

9. 22-9 Figure 22.1: Location of the Kalabari of Nigeria

10. 22-10 ART AND INDIVIDUALITY Some anthropologists argue study of non-Western art ignores individual and focuses on the group To some extent, more collective effort Bohannan: pay less attention to artists and more attention to art critics and products Haapala: artists and works are inseparable A thing of beauty may be a joy forever even if we don’t credit its creator

11. 22-11 THE WORK OF ART For the artist, art is work In nonstate societies, artists cannot work on art all the time In states, artists are full-time specialists whose career is their work For such familiar genres as painting or music, societies tend to have standards by which they judge whether an artwork is complete or fully realized

12. 22-12 ART SOCIETY AND CULTURE Around 100,000 years ago, some of world’s first artists occupied Blombos Cave Henshilwood: sharp instruments show symbolic thinking In Europe, art goes back more than 30,000 years to the Upper Paleolithic Art usually more public than cave paintings ART, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE

13. 22-13 ETHNOMUSICOLOGY Ethnomusicology: comparative study of music of the world and as an aspect of culture and society Music: a cultural universal, and musical abilities seem to run in families Music arose early in human history All cultures have lullabies Music is inherently cultural and social Folk art, music, and lore refer to expressive culture of ordinary people

14. 22-14 ETHNOMUSICOLOGY Basongye: three features to distinguish between music and other sounds Music always involves humans Musical sounds must be organized Music must continue Folk: of the people; e.g., art, music, and lore of ordinary people Planinica

15. 22-15 Figure 22.2: Location of the Basongye of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

16. 22-16 REPRESENTATIONS OF ART AND CULTURE Art can stand for tradition, even when traditional art is removed from its original (rural) context Grimshaw: many ethnographic films start off with music, often drumbeats Assumption that arts of nonindustrial societies usually have a link with religion

17. 22-17 ART AND COMMUNICATION Art functions in society as form of communication between artist and community or audience Certain segments of population are more likely to appreciate certain forms of art Tension and resolution of drama can lead to catharsis; intense emotional release Often, art is meant to commemorate and to carry an enduring message

18. 22-18 ART AND POLITICS Art can express or challenge community sentiment and standards Much art that is valued today was received with revulsion in its own time In U.S., no museum director can mount exhibit without considering politically organized segments of society

19. 22-19 THE CULTURAL TRANSMISSION OF THE ARTS As part of culture, appreciation for arts depends on cultural background Appreciation for the arts is learned Navajo music: individualism; conservatism; proper form In many societies, myths, legends, tales, and art of storytelling play important roles in transmission of culture and preservation of tradition

20. 22-20 Figure 22.3: Location of the Navajo

21. 22-21 THE ARTISTIC CAREER In nonindustrial societies, artists tend to be part-time specialists Many non-Western societies offer career tracks into the arts Children born into certain lineages are destined for particular artistic careers Artists need support Arts are by definition neither practical nor ordinary

22. 22-22 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE The arts go on changing, although certain art forms have survived for thousands of years Countries and cultures are known for particular contributions, including art: Balinese: dance Navajo: sand paintings, jewelry, weaving French: cuisine Greeks: drama

23. 22-23 MEDIA AND CULTURE Mass culture features cultural forms that appear and spread rapidly because of major changes in material conditions Provides framework of common expectations, experiences, and behavior that overrides differences

24. 22-24 USING THE MEDIA Text: anything that can be processed, interpreted, and assigned meaning by anyone exposed to it Fiske: individual’s use of popular culture is a creative act Media consumers actively select, evaluate, and interpret media in ways that make sense to them Media offer rich web of external connections Media provide social cement

25. 22-25 RECAP 22.1: Star Wars as a Structural Transformation of The Wizard of Oz

26. 22-26 ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION Kottak: family planning is one area TV has influenced behavior Current viewing level, and number of years of TV presence in the home predictors of (smaller) family size Limited number of players in each telenovela

27. 22-27 SPORTS AND CULTURE Football Popularity depends directly on mass media Arens: football is popular because it symbolizes certain key aspects of U.S. life Illustrates values of hard work and teamwork Montague and Morais: presents miniaturized and simplified version of modern organizations

28. 22-28 WHAT DETERMINES INTERNATIONAL SPORTS SUCCESS? Cultural values, social forces, and media Media can heighten interest Brazilian media strikingly intolerant of losers The U.S. culture: hard work and personal improvement as important as winning

29. 22-29 BEING VERSUS DOING An American’s identity emerges as a result of what he or she does In Brazil, identity rests on being The U.S. media almost always focus on some aspect of doing U.S. sports coverage feasts on unexpected results Despite focus on doing, American culture does not insist that individuals can fully control outcomes