1. Community Cohesion Revision Lesson 1 Topics 1,2,3,8,9,10

2. Equality for Women. How did it happen? This information can be used in a question such as ‘Men and women should have equal roles in life.’ Refer to religion in your answer. NOT a question such as; ‘Women should have equal roles in Christianity.’

3. How attitudes have changed. The roles of Men and Women Between 1800 and 1900 Married women Stayed at home Women began to fight For equal rights Married Woman's Property Act 1882 (right to keep Property) Local Govt Act gave Women right to stand As councillors 1928 women given equal voting rights And can become MPs Equal employment rights Given in 1970 1975 Sex Discrimination Act – illegal to discriminate In employment on grounds Of gender or marriage. Attitudes to equality in the Home have been slower To change. Most women Do most of the housework

4. Why did attitudes to the roles of men and women change? The Suffragette movement showed that women were not prepared to be treated as second class citizens. Women did work during the 1st and 2nd WW’s that had been thought of as male work (they did it well). Labour Govt of 1964-70 & 1974-79 was dedicated to the equal rights of women The UN Declaration of Human Rights And the development of the feminist movement meant equal rights had to be accepted Women good at counselling and health care. Equal rights developed in other countries

5. For: ‘Men and women should have equal roles in life.’ Refer to religion in your answer. In the late 1800’s it became accepted that married women should stay at home and look after the children. However women fought for the right to have equality. Equal rights in employment did not come until 1970 and the sex discrimination act of 1975 made it illegal to discriminate because of gender or whether someone was married. The UN declaration of Human Rights states that we are entitled to equal rights regardless of our status at birth.

6. Christian attitudes Traditional roles: Women – bring up children, run Christian home Men – provide for family and lead in religion BECAUSE Bible – women not allowed to speak or teach in Church Creation story in Genesis2 – Adam created first so more important Jesus disciples were men Modern roles: Men and women equal roles. Women can be ministers and priests. BECAUSE Creation story in Genesis1 – men and women created equally and at the same time Bible – in Christ there is neither male or female Jesus treated women as his equals

7. For ‘Men and women should have equal roles in life.’ Refer to religion in your answer. In Christianity it is only the Modern / Liberal Protestants and the liberal part of the Church of England that allow women to take a leading role in the church and become priests and bishops. Roman Catholics give women equal rights in everything other than the priesthood because of the belief in Apostolic succession. While the Traditional Evangelic Christians see a woman’s role as different but equally important.

8. Christian Attitudes to equal rights for women in religion. What is this about? Whether women can be priests! The choice to stay at home with the children or to go to work is a personal one and this choice can be guided by a persons faith but the big issue is whether a woman is able to take part fully in the hierarchy of the church. Can they be priests and lead a local community? Can they then get promotion in their job and become a Bishop? It is important to use the references in answers to these questions

9. The Traditional Attitude St Paul in 1 Timothy – women should not speak in church. Adam was formed first (Genisis 2) Eve was deceived and became a sinner. Jesus only chose 12 male apostles. It is tradition that men are the leaders in the church.

10. The Modern Attitude of Protestant Christianity Who are they? The Church of England (although it is still a contentious issue within this church) The Methodist Church (total equality) United Reformed Church The Baptist Church Evidence – Genesis 1 man and women created equally; St Paul in Galatians; evidence that Jesus treated women as his equals; there is some evidence that there were women priests in the early church.

11. The Roman Catholic Attitude Men and women have equal rights in society and religion, but they cannot be ordained – they cannot become priests. Evidence – Genesis 1, men and women created together in God’s image; Catholic Catechism, men and women equal; Only men can be priests and bishops because they are successors of the apostles; Jesus was a man and the priest represents Jesus in the Mass.

12. Equal rights for women in Islam – The Traditional Attitude Men and women should have different roles in religion. Women should perform their religious duties in the home (apart from the Hajj). Men should worship God in the mosque with their sons and lead the religion.

13. Equal rights for women in Islam – Evidence for the Traditional Attitude The Qur’an says; Women have the same rights in relation to decent behaviour but men should stand above them. Men should support women because God has given them advantages over women.

14. Equal rights for women in Islam – The Modern Attitude Men and women should have completely equal roles in religion and education. A few would accept women as religious leaders. Most British Muslims mix these two attitudes and agree with women having equal rights in everything except religion.

15. Equal rights for women in Islam – The Modern Attitude The Qur’an ‘Whoever works deeds of righteousness, man or woman – verily to him will We give new life.’ ‘The search for knowledge is a duty for every Muslim, male or female.’ The Qur’an teaches that men and women are equal in religion and education. There is evidence that Muhammad encouraged both men and women to worship in the mosque. There were women religious leaders during the early stages of Islam. These Muslims are influenced by the non-religious arguments for equal rights for women.

16. The UK as a multi-faith society Many societies only had one faith up until the 20 th century. However England has had two strong and different branches of Christianity from the 16 th century. It has had a Jewish community since the 17 th century. This lead to laws allowing religious freedom. By the middle of the 19 th century members of any religion were free to worship and had equal political rights.

17. 20 th century Britain as a multi- faith society. In the 20 th century Muslim, Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and other religions settled in the UK, so that it became a truly multi-faith society. Religious Freedom – The right to practice your religion and to change your religion.

18. The benefits of living in a multi-faith society. People can learn about other religions, and see what religions have in common. It gives people a perspective on faith and its practice. People may think more seriously about their own faith. It gives more understanding and respect between religions. Religious freedom and understanding should stop religious conflicts.

19. The issues raised for religion by living in a multi-faith society. The three main issues are; Conversion Bringing up children Interfaith marriages

20. The issues raised for religion by living in a multi-faith society. Conversion Many religions see it as their duty to convert others because they believe that their religion is the only true religion. this will cause problems in a multi-faith society If their holy book teaches that they should convert non-believers and that the only way for the followers of other religions to get to heaven is for them to be converted then this will cause problems in a multi-faith society.

21. Why would conversion cause problems in a multi-faith society? It is discriminating against people of a different faith. It is impossible to say another religion is wrong without studying them all. Trying to convert others can lead to arguments and even violence when people are told their religion is wrong.

22. The issues raised for religion by living in a multi-faith society. Bringing up children Even children should have religious freedom and be able to choose which religion to follow, or to reject religion. It is important for children to understand and learn about the other religions in their society.

23. Why would a multi-faith society cause a problem for a child’s upbringing? Most religions encourage parents to bring up their children in that religion. Belief in life after death will cause parents to want their children to follow the same religious path as they do. There is social pressure to keep children in the faith. Children educated in state schools can find it hard to maintain a religious lifestyle.

24. The issues raised for religion by living in a multi-faith society. Interfaith marriages Young people of different faiths are going to meet, fall in love and want to marry. This will cause problems because; The wedding ceremony? The religion of the children? Where will they be buried? The parents and relatives often feel that they have been betrayed.

25. Unless all these issues are dealt with, then religion itself can be working against community cohesion and can promote conflict and hatred.

26. How do religions work to promote community cohesion in the United Kingdom? The different religions in the UK are beginning to work together. They look for shared beliefs and try to work out how to live together with respect, without trying to convert each other. The Abrahamic religions have a lot in common. In 2007 Pope Benedict XVI said that the future of the world depends on Christians and Muslims talking and working together.

27. Interfaith marriages Some religious groups are developing ways of helping interfaith marriages. Many Liberal Protestant Churches and Jewish Liberal/Reform synagogues have wedding services for mixed faith couples. The church of England now has guidelines for the celebration of interfaith marriages in church. Look at www.interfaithmarriage.org.ukwww.interfaithmarriage.org.uk Some Christian churches and Jewish synagogues encourage mixed faith parents to bring up their children in both faiths. Faith school have agreed to teach all religions rather than just one.

28. Religions working together. The Interfaith Network for the UK works to help and encourage good relations between people of different faiths. There are also smaller groups in local communities such as the Glasgow Forum of Faiths. Some places of worship are organising joint events. Eg The parish priest in Southall has been invited to the Hindu Mandir (Temple) for a meal at Divali and fireworks in the garden.