1. 1 Applied Ecodesign How to Reduce Energy Consumption? Prof. Dr. Ir. Ab Stevels Chair of Applied EcoDesign Design for Sustainability Dept. Design Engineering, School of Industrial Design Delft University of Technology stevels@xs4all.nl

2. 2 Outline Why reduction of energy consumption of products? Examples of improvement strategies Positioning of Energy Reduction in its context Conclusions

3. 3 Energy in the use phase deserves much more attention % papers in applied EcoDesignapprox 10 approx 30 approx 1 approx 50 Figure 1. Average environmental load of an electronic product over its life cycle. (11% to tools and methods)

4. 4 Example of life cycle impacts of CE products (mPt) Life Cycle Stage TV 28 inch Audio system FW780 Portable phone DECT Manufacturing75050020 Usage3000120015 Packaging/ transport 6010<1 Disposal60303 Total3820171438

5. 5 Role of Energy in various life cycle stages Mining, Materials productionRaw material treatment, melting (“Embedded energy”) Bringing into form, functionParts, components manufacturing (“Process energy”) Assembly machinesTools, soldering, energy (“Embedded energy and process energy”) UsageStandby, operational energy (“Consumed energy”) Discarding, recyclingLogistics, treatment energy (“Recuperation of embedded energy”) TransportLogistics Energy is even much more important than just the user stage

6. 6 Why reduction of energy consumption of products? Drivers Customer has to pay for energy use (incl. eco-tax) for batteries: expensive/ sometimes a nuisance Legislation/ regulation: it is a big environmental load stand-by energy power management batteries NGO’s/ consumer organizations conservation of resources/ renewable energy lower cost of ownership to consumers energy label promotion

7. 7 Why reduction of energy consumption of products? Enablers Science and technology IC development miniaturization Suppliers common roadmaps Money/ costs less components is less cost less heat dissipation is less repair less wiring is less cost

8. 8 Example of reduction opportunities Benchmark of TV sets in the On mode 32”TV+12% up to 76% 29”TV-1% up to 42% 28”TV+2% up to 48% 25”TV-5% up to 55% 21”TV+10% up to 63% 14”TV+20% up to 100% (Reference Philips Products in category = 100)

9. 9 Methods to reduce energy consumption Do energy analysis If an amount of energy is put in, how much is contributing to the function, how much is dissipated. Do this on: product level subassembly / PWB level component level Formulate green options: Improvements Functionality changes Set priority

10. 10 Example of energy analysis: Electric Oven Energy consumption by Consumption per year kWh Old Consumption per year kWh New Action taken Clock/ timer359 Design for clock/ timer with low power Pre heating elements104More effective pre heating cycles Heating elements 4234Change geometry less on/off Lamp32Replace lamp by low watt, better positioning Losses42Better insulation Total9451

11. 11 Examples of improvements: Green TV Eliminate superfluous components due to design history (15% reduction in case of green TV) Integration of electronics (one chip TV) Check for each component in chassis power consumption and go for alternatives (additional 15% reduction in case of green TV) Minimise cable and wiring between subassemblies

12. 12 Examples of improvements: joint supplier- producer roadmaps for IC’s

13. 13 Examples: Functionality Changes Power management e.g. Energy Star for monitors 0.1 W Stand-by power devices (various TV) Eco-knob (various TV) either on/off or automatic adjustment Addition of on-off switch (audio)

14. 14 Examples: Applying different physics LCD versus CRT display factor 3-4 energy reduction (overcompensates) for higher manufacturing energy. Gap will increase (learning curve). Application of LEDs will bring further reduction Portable products human powered solar powered Fuel cell powered At Delft University there is a lot of research on energy issues of (portable) products

15. 15 The battery issue Almost everyone hates them: Inconvenient out of power always a surprise moisture sensitive effort needed for green disposal Costs: relatively expensive Perceived as bad for environment (chemical content)

16. 16 The battery issue, important strategies Strategy 1: Lower energy consumption of portable products Strategy 2: Change to rechargeable batteries (example Audio: most leading brands did it) Strategy 3: Apply solar cells in/ without a combination with batteries Strategy 4: Human powered products (example: Portable radio).

17. 17 Positioning of Energy Reduction in its context, I AspectPositiveNegative FunctionalityUtility products like washing machines; job done for less money Fun products like TV: loss of ‘quality’ Internal value chainBetter to sell: lower cost of ownership Increase in production costs External value chainAll stakeholders like it-

18. 18 Positioning of Energy Reduction in its context, II AspectPositiveNegative Environmental Dilemma’s Energy consumption mostly dominant in life cycle impact - EcoDesign MatrixRelative high environmental gainsFeasibility often difficult Design ProcessEasy to quantifyMost designers design in materials not in energy

19. 19 Communication about Energy Reduction General recommendation: describe in kWh not in CO 2 -amounts IssueskWhCO 2 UnderstandingEverybody understandsVague/indirect notion MetricsIn/dependant of countryDependant on energy mix BenefitsMoneyHave a soft flavor ImageLinks with high techLinks with alternative Target settingTransparentNot transparent

20. 20 Conclusions Energy reduction is a number one Applied EcoDesign priority Energy analysis! Put Energy reduction in its context!