1. LG302 Comparative European Politics Poland and Romania

4. Poland, Romania 1955Warsaw Pact

5. Poland 1955Warsaw Pact 1980Solidarity trade-union, Gdańsk Shipyard

6. Poland 1955Warsaw Pact 1980Solidarity trade-union, Gdańsk Shipyard 1989Round Table Talks, February-April

7. Poland 1955Warsaw Pact 1980Solidarity trade-union, Gdańsk Shipyard 1989Round Table Agreement 1989Party-free elections Lower chamber: 35% open to competition Senate: all seats open to competition All seats open to competition won by Solidarity

8. Poland 1955Warsaw Pact 1980Solidarity trade-union, Gdańsk Shipyard 1989Round Table Agreement 1989Party-free elections & first non-communist government Tadeusz Mazowiecki (Solidarity) led Poland’s first non-communist govt that took office on 12 September 1989.

9. Poland 1955Warsaw Pact 1980Solidarity trade-union, Gdańsk Shipyard 1989Round Table Agreement 1989Party-free elections & first non-communist government 1990Free presidential elections – Lech Wałęsa Lech Wałęsa (1990-19955)

10. Poland 1955Warsaw Pact 1980Solidarity trade-union, Gdańsk Shipyard 1989Round Table Agreement 1989Party-free elections & first non-communist government 1990Free presidential elections – Lech Wałęsa 1991Free parliamentary elections 29 parties represented in the parliament due to a pure PR system with no electoral thresholds Most successful party: 12% Ex-Solidarity parties: 52%

11. Poland 1955Warsaw Pact 1980Solidarity trade-union, Gdańsk Shipyard 1989Round Table Agreement 1989Party-free elections & first non-communist government 1990Free presidential elections – Lech Wałęsa 1991Free parliamentary elections 1992Small Constitution

12. Poland 1955Warsaw Pact 1980Solidarity trade-union, Gdańsk Shipyard 1989Round Table Agreement 1989Party-free elections & first non-communist government 1990Free presidential elections – Lech Wałęsa 1991Free parliamentary elections 1992Small Constitution 1997Constitution Constructive vote of no-confidence Relatively influent president – veto powers.

13. Romania 1955Warsaw Pact 1989Revolution Nicolae Ceauescu, 1967-1989 Romanian Revolution, December 1989

14. Romania 1955Warsaw Pact 1989Revolution 1990First free presidential & parliamentary elections Communist successor party wins 2/3 of the seats in the parliament and the presidency. Ion Iliescu, president of Romania 1990-1996, 2000-2004

15. Romania 1955Warsaw Pact 1989Revolution 1990First free presidential & parliamentary elections 1991Constitution Directly elected president. Government accountable to the parliament. Relatively influent president – veto powers.

16. Consensus joint-power & Majoritarian federal-unitary Consensual prototypes Majoritarian prototypes Majoritarian joint-power & Consensus federal-unitary Source: Kriesi & Bochsler 2012

17. Majoritarian and consensual democracies According to Arend Lijphart A majoritarian democracy “concentrates power in the hands of the majority” A consensual democracy “tries to arrive at as much consensus as possible by restraining majority rule and by sharing, dispersing, and limiting political power” To distinguish between them, Lijphart focused on two political dimensions and 10 institutional characteristics

18. Majoritarian and consensual democracies

19. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions? Govt dominates legislature or not? 2-party or multi-party system? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

20. Duration of Prime Ministers (in years, 1990-2003)

21. Polish govts (1997-2013) Parliamentary term Prime ministersPartiesStatus 1997-2001 Jerzy Buzek (1997–2000)AWS, UWMajority Jerzy Buzek (2000–2001)AWSMinority 2001-2005 Leszek Miller (2001–2003)SLD, UP, PSLMajority Leszek Miller (2003–2004) No-confidence motion SLD, UPMinority Marek Belka (2004–2005)SLD, UPMinority 2005-2007 Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz (2005-2006) PiSMinority Jarosław Kaczyński (2006-2007) PiS–SO–LPRMajority 2007-2011Donald Tusk (2007-2011)PO–PSLMajority 2011-Donald Tusk (2011-)PO–PSLMajority

22. Romanian govts (1996-2013) Parl. termPrime ministersPartiesStatus 1996-2000 Victor Ciorbea (1996–1998)CDR (PNŢCD, PNL), PD, UDMR Majority Radu Vasile (1998-1999) Majority Mugur Isărescu (1999-2000) Indep. Majority 2000-2004Adrian NăstasePSDMinority 2004-2008 Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu (2005/07)PNL, PD, UDMRMajority Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu (2007/08)PNL, UDMRMinority 2008-2012 Emil Boc (2008/09) No-confidence motion PD/PDL, PSDMajority Emil Boc (2009-2012)PD/PDL, UDMR, UNPR Minority Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (2012) Indep. No-confidence motion PD/PDL, UDMR, UNPR Minority Victor Ponta (2012)PSD, PNL, PCMajority 2012-Victor Ponta (2012- )PSD, PNL, UNPR, PC Majority

23. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not? 2-party or multi-party system? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

24. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

25. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system? FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

26. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

27. Party (% of votes / seats) 1997 2001200520072011 %VS S S S S Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) 271644121611.35513.253 (40) 8.227 Polish Peasant Party (PSL) 7.3279427258.9318.428 Democratic Party (PD) 13.4603.1-2.5--(3)-- Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) 33.82015.6------- Total no. seats460

28. Party (% of votes / seats) 1997 2001 200520072011 %VS S S S S Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) 271644121611.35513.253 (40) 8.227 Civic Platform (PO)12.76524.113341.520939.2207 Self-Defence (SO)0.110.25311.4561.5--- Law and Justice (PIS) --9.5442715532.116629.9157 Polish Peasant Party (PSL) 7.3279427258.9318.428 League of Polish Families (LPR) --7.9388341.3--- Democratic Party (PD) 13.4603.1-2.5--(3)-- Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) 33.82015.6------- Palikot ‘s Movement (RP) --------1040 Total no. seats460

29. Party (% of votes / seats) 19972001 2005 20072011 %VS S S S S Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) 27 1644121611.35513.253 (40) 8.227 Civic Platform (PO)12.76524.113341.520939.2207 Self-Defence (SO) 0.1 10.25311.4561.5--- Law and Justice (PIS) - -9.5442715532.116629.9157 Polish Peasant Party (PSL) 7.3 279427258.9318.428 League of Polish Families (LPR) - -7.9388341.3--- Democratic Party (PD) 13.4 603.1-2.5--(3)-- Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) 33.8 2015.6------- Palikot ‘s Movement (RP) --------1040 Total no. seats460

30. Party (% of votes / seats) 199720012005 2007 2011 %VS S S S S Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) 271644121611.35513.253 (40) 8.227 Civic Platform (PO) 12.76524.113341.5 20939.2207 Self-Defence (SO) 0.110.25311.4561.5--- Law and Justice (PIS) --9.5442715532.116629.9157 Polish Peasant Party (PSL) 7.3 279427258.9 318.428 League of Polish Families (LPR) --7.9388341.3--- Democratic Party (PD) 13.4603.1-2.5--(3)-- Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) 33.82015.6------- Palikot ‘s Movement (RP) --------1040 Total no. seats460

31. Party (% of votes / seats) 1997200120052007 2011 %VS S S S S Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) 271644121611.35513.253 (40) 8.227 Civic Platform (PO) 12.76524.113341.5 20939.2207 Self-Defence (SO) 0.110.25311.4561.5--- Law and Justice (PIS) --9.5442715532.116629.9157 Polish Peasant Party (PSL) 7.3 279427258.9 318.428 League of Polish Families (LPR) --7.9388341.3--- Democratic Party (PD) 13.4603.1-2.5--(3)-- Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) 33.82015.6------- Palikot ‘s Movement (RP) -------- 1040 Total no. seats460

32. Election results in Poland, 1991-2011 PO PiS RP PSL SLD

33. Party placement in two-dimensional issue space, 2011 Ex-Solidarity parties PM 2007- Pro-market & Catholic Lech Kaczyński, PR, 2005/10) Jarosław Kaczyński, PM, 2006/07 Communist successor parties Single party since 1999; in govt. 2001/05 Agrarian party Radical social-liberal party Founded 2010 by former PO MP

34. Party (% of votes / seats) 1996 2000200420082012 %VS S S S S Social Democratic Party(PSD) 21.591 36.615536.6 113 33.1 110 58.6 159 Conservative Party (PC) --19413 National Liberal Party (PNL) 30.2256.8930 31.5 6418.665101 Liberal Democratic Party (PD/PDL) 13537.03314832.4115 16.5 52 National Peasant Party (PNTCD) -830.43-----1 Greater Romania Party 4.461919.58413483.2-1.24- Hungarian Minority Party (UDMR) 6.64256.8276.2226.2225.1518 People’s Party (PPDD) --------1447 Total no. seats343345332334412 Election results Romania 1996-2012

35. Party (% of votes / seats) 1996 2000 200420082012 %VS S S S S Social Democratic Party(PSD) 21.591 36.615536.6 113 33.1 110 58.6 159 Conservative Party (PC) --19413 National Liberal Party (PNL) 30.2256.8930 31.5 6418.665101 Liberal Democratic Party (PD/PDL) 13537.03314832.4115 16.5 52 National Peasant Party (PNTCD) -830.43-----1 Greater Romania Party 4.461919.58413483.2-1.24- Hungarian Minority Party (UDMR) 6.64256.8276.2226.2225.1518 People’s Party (PPDD) --------1447 Total no. seats343345332334412 Election results Romania 1996-2012

36. Party (% of votes / seats) 1996 2000 2004 20082012 %VS S S S S Social Democratic Party(PSD) 21.591 36.615536.6 113 33.1 110 58.6 159 Conservative Party (PC) --19413 National Liberal Party (PNL) 30.2256.8930 31.5 6418.665101 Liberal Democratic Party (PD/PDL) 13537.03314832.4115 16.5 52 National Peasant Party (PNTCD) -830.43-----1 Greater Romania Party 4.461919.58413483.2-1.24- Hungarian Minority Party (UDMR) 6.64256.8276.2226.2225.1518 People’s Party (PPDD) --------1447 Total no. seats343345332334412 Election results Romania 1996-2012

37. Party (% of votes / seats) 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 %VS S S S S Social Democratic Party(PSD) 21.591 36.615536.6 113 33.1 110 58.6 159 Conservative Party (PC) --19413 National Liberal Party (PNL) 30.2256.8930 31.5 6418.665101 Liberal Democratic Party (PD/PDL) 13537.03314832.4115 16.5 52 National Peasant Party (PNTCD) -830.43-----1 Greater Romania Party 4.461919.58413483.2-1.24- Hungarian Minority Party (UDMR) 6.64256.8276.2226.2225.1518 People’s Party (PPDD) --------1447 Total no. seats343345332334412 Election results Romania 1996-2012

38. Party (% of votes / seats) 1996 2000 20042008 2012 %VS S S S S Social Democratic Party(PSD) 21.591 36.615536.6 113 33.1 110 58.6 159 Conservative Party (PC) --19413 National Liberal Party (PNL) 30.2256.8930 31.5 6418.665101 Liberal Democratic Party (PD/PDL) 13537.03314832.4115 16.5 52 National Peasant Party (PNTCD) -830.43-----1 Greater Romania Party 4.461919.58413483.2-1.24- Hungarian Minority Party (UDMR) 6.64256.8276.2226.2225.1518 People’s Party (PPDD) --------1447 Total no. seats343345332334412 Election results Romania 1996-2012

39. Until 1992, same party with PSD 2004: political alliance with PNL (D.A.) wins both presidential & parliamentary elections Social democracy, main communist successor party. In govt 1990/96 & 2000/04. Defeated in 2004 by D.A. Alliance. Traian Basescu, President (PD), since 2004 2008: PD+faction PNL = PDL Ion Iliescu, President (PSD), 1990/96 & 2000/04

40. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual FPTP or PR electoral system? Pluralist or corporatist interest groups? Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

41. Sejm, 460 seats list PR with the possibility to choose between candidates 5% threshold for parties & 8% for electoral alliances Senate, 100 seats single-member plurality Poland

42. Romania: mixed-member proportional system (since 2008) Each voter votes for a candidate. 5% threshold  Majority element: Candidates who obtain 50% are elected.  Proportional element: Votes for unelected candidates are redistributed proportionally with the parties’ share of the vote. If the party is entitled to more seats than the number of remaining seats in the same county, the number of seats in the given county will increase creating "overhang seats".  Flexible number of seats: 2008 Parliament – 471 seats; 2012 Parliament– 588 seats

43. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Majoritarian Centralised or decentralised state? One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

44. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Majoritarian Centralised or decentralised state?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament? Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

45. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Majoritarian Centralised or decentralised state?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament?Consensual Flexible or rigid constitution? Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

46. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Majoritarian Centralised or decentralised state?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament?Consensual Flexible or rigid constitution?Consensual Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review? Dependent or independent central bank?

47. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Majoritarian Centralised or decentralised state?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament?Consensual Flexible or rigid constitution?Consensual Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review?Consensual Dependent or independent central bank?

48. Lijphart’s criteriaMajoritarian/ consensual Poland Majoritarian/ consensual Romania Single-party govts or coalitions?Consensual Govt dominates legislature or not?Consensual 2-party or multi-party system?Consensual FPTP or PR electoral system?Consensual Pluralist or corporatist interest groups?Majoritarian Centralised or decentralised state?Majoritarian One or two working chambers of parliament?Consensual Flexible or rigid constitution?Consensual Govt dominates judiciary or judicial review?Consensual Dependent or independent central bank?Consensual

49. Consensus joint-power & Majoritarian federal-unitary Consensual prototypes Majoritarian prototypes Majoritarian joint-power & Consensus federal-unitary

50. Conclusion Poland and Romania are moderately consensual states Coalition governments Presidential vetoes (depending on relationship with government) Strong constitutional courts BUT Weak upper chambers and domination of larger parties.