1. Introduction to Compiling M.A Doman

2. What is a compiler? A compiler is a program that reads a program written in one language and translates it into another language Compiler reports the presence of errors in the source program compiler Source Program Target Program Error Messages

3. Preprocessing The first pass of the compiler Reads each source file Every time it hits an directive #include it goes and gets the header file named. It then reads and processes it. Expands macros Passes the results to the next phase of the compiler.

4. Preprocessing Macro preprocessing Allows the user to define macros that are shorthand for larger constructs Define variables/identifiers #define _card.h #define BUFFER_SIZE 256 Conditional expressions #if.. #else Contain parameters #define max(a,b)(a>b ? a: b)

5. Stack.h Stack.CPP Node.H Node.cpp StackTest.c pp Compiler Preprocessor

6. Compilation Model Analysis Breaks up the source into pieces and constructs and creates an intermediate representation of the source program Synthesis Constructs the desired target from the intermediate representation 2-6

7. Compilation Analysis Linear or lexical analysis The source is read as a stream of characters and grouped into tokens position = initial + rate * 60; Tokens: position : Identifier of type double = : assignment operator initial : identifier of type double + : plus operator rate : Identifier of type double * : multiplication operator 60 : constant of 60 (int) 8-7

8. Compilation Analysis Hierarchal / Syntax analysis Also called parsing Groups the tokens into grammatical phrases that the compiler will later use to synthesize the logic. Usually represented by a parse tree: 8-8

9. Compilation Analysis Example (broad) of a parse tree: position = initial + rate * 60; 8-9 Operator = Identifier position Operator + Identifier initial Operator * Identifier rate Number 60

10. Compilation Analysis Semantic Analysis Checks the source program for semantic errors Gathers type information Does type checking Operator * Identifier rate Number 60 IntoDouble

11. Linking Once all the object (.o) files are created, they are passed to the linker All references are resolved Finished product: an executable porgram

12. Stack.o Library functions StackTest.o Compiler Linker Node.o a.exe

13. Stack. h Stack.C PP Node. H Node.c pp StackTes t.cpp Compiler Preprocessor Stack.o Library functions StackTest. o Linker Node.o a.exe