1. Health Risks in India: Cholera
By:
Justin Ritchey
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2. Cholera: What causes it?
Cause of Cholera
Vibrio Cholerae bacteria
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3. Cholera: How do you get it?
Transmission
Ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae
Cholera spread across the world from it’s original source, a reservoir in the Ganges delta in India
Direct transmission from person to person even to health care workers during epidemics has been reported but is not frequent
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4. Cholera: Symptoms Symptoms of
Cholera has an incubation period of 2 hours to 5 days
Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that affects both children and adults and can kill within hours
Mild to moderate diarhea, dehydration, nausea and vomiting can lead to other symptoms such as muscle cramps, tachycardia, and dry mucous membranes
Every year there are roughly 1.4 to 4.3 million cases and 28,000 to 142,000 deaths per year world wide
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5. (Name of Disease) in India
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6. Cholera in India
The Indian subcontinent is vulnerable to this disease due its vast coastlines with areas of poor sanitation, unsafe drinking water, and overcrowding.
Climate conditions in India, such as monsoon season, play a major role in the persistence and spread of cholera
The antimicrobials used in the past are no longer useful in the treatment of cholera because the bacteria has acquired several mechanisms for multiple antimicrobial resistance. 
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Answer all questions in complete sentences. For example, “Most cases of cholera are reported during the monsoon season in India.”

7. Cholera: Treatment Treatment of Cholera
Cholera is an easily treatable disease
Up to 80% of people can be treated through prompt administration of oral rehydration salts
Very severely dehydrated people also need antibiotics
Mass administration of antibiotics is not recommended
With proper treatment case fatality rates should remain below 1%
2 WHO prequalified oral cholera vaccines exist
Dukoral® protection can be expected 1 week after the last dose and 85% protections for 4-6 months in all ages
Shanchol ® provides longer protection than Dukoral® and 67% protection against clinically significant cholera for at least 2 years after vaccination
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8. Cholera: Current Problems
Health education campaigns should promote appropriate hygine practices such as:
Washing hands with soap
Safe preparatin and storage of food
Breastfeeding awareness campaigns
Encouragement of people with symptoms to seek health care
Use modern communication methods such as phones, social media adapted to local cultures
The burden of cholera in India is clearly undersetimated. The annual number of cholera cases reported to the WHO by the government is several times lover than numbers obtained through the ICMR
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Answer all questions in complete sentences. For example, “In the past … has been successful at coping with cholera, but as time has gone on, it has lost it’s effectiveness.”