1. CCIT 1/36 National Defense University Morphometric Parameterisation of Mount Washington Terrain Jason Wang 6/22/2005 To establish project-based collaborations with NCGIA

2. CCIT 2/36 National Defense University Five Terrain Parameters 1.Elevation 2.Slope 3.Aspect 4.Profile Convexity 5.Plan Convexity

3. CCIT 3/36 National Defense University Elevation Instances of the general conic fall into one of three types, depending on the values of thecoefficients a,b and h (Stephenson, 1973, p.463) :

4. CCIT 4/36 National Defense University Elevation These general forms correspond to the morphometric feature types, and can be used as part of the feature identification process (see Figure 1 ). Contour lines through each of these surfaces describe conic sections and can be seen from Figure 1 to be elliptic for pits and peaks, parabolic for channels and ridges, and hyperbolic for passes. For the purposes of general geomorphometry however, terrain parameters can be defined by considering the partial differential equations of the general quadratic form.

5. CCIT 5/36 National Defense University Elevation

6. CCIT 6/36 National Defense University Slope & Aspect

7. CCIT 7/36 National Defense University Slope & Aspect

8. CCIT 8/36 National Defense University Slope & Aspect SlopeAspect

9. CCIT 9/36 National Defense University Profile and Plan Convexity

10. CCIT 10/36 National Defense University Profile and Plan Convexity ProfileConvexit y Plan Convexity

11. CCIT 11/36 National Defense University 3D Representation of the Five Terrain Parameters

12. CCIT 12/36 National Defense University

13. CCIT 13/36 National Defense University Air photo with boundary Lines

14. CCIT 14/36 National Defense University Air photo with transportation

15. CCIT 15/36 National Defense University Air photo with Hydrography

16. CCIT 16/36 National Defense University METHODOLOGY Use Topographic Features Modeling in ENVI to produce a classification output image that classifies each pixel into one of the following terrain types or morphometric features: peak, ridge, pass, plane, channel, or pit. The morphometric features are determined by fitting a quadratic surface to the digital elevation data for the entered kernel size and calculating the slope and curvatures of the surface. The kernel size can be changed so that multi-scale topographic information can be extracted.

17. CCIT 17/36 National Defense University METHODOLOGY ENVI is the ideal software for the visualization, analysis, and presentation of all types of digital imagery. ENVI complete image-processing package includes advanced yet easy-to-use spectral tools, geometric correction, terrain analysis, radar analysis, raster and vector GIS capabilities, extensive support for images from a wide variety of sources, and much more.

18. CCIT 18/36 National Defense University METHODOLOGY The slope and curvature of the surface determines the morphometric feature. For example, a sloping surface that is concave in the cross-sectional direction is a channel. A sloping surface that is convex in the cross-sectional direction is a ridge. Peaks have a convex cross-section and convex longitudinal curvature while pits have concave curvatures. Passes have one convex and one concave curvature. For more information, see the following reference on the World Wide Web at www.geog.le.ac.uk/jwo/research. Wood, Joseph The Geomorphological Characterization of Digital Elevation Models, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Leicester, Department of Geography, Leicester, UK, 1996.

19. CCIT 19/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from different kernel sizes Topographic kernel sizes = 3Topographic kernel sizes = 6Topographic kernel sizes = 9 Slope Tolerance = 1, Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

20. CCIT 20/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from different kernel sizes Slope Tolerance = 1, Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 Topographic kernel sizes = 3Topographic kernel sizes = 6Topographic kernel sizes = 9 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

21. CCIT 21/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from different kernel sizes Topographic kernel sizes = 9Topographic kernel sizes = 18 Topographic kernel sizes = 27 Slope Tolerance = 1, Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

22. CCIT 22/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from different kernel sizes Slope Tolerance = 1, Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 Topographic kernel sizes = 9Topographic kernel sizes = 18Topographic kernel sizes = 27 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

23. CCIT 23/36 National Defense University The morphometric features from different kernel sizes Topographic kernel sizes = 15 RESULTS Topographic kernel sizes = 30Mosaicked Air Photo Slope Tolerance = 1, Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

24. CCIT 24/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from different kernel sizes Slope Tolerance = 1, Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 Topographic kernel sizes = 15Topographic kernel sizes = 30Mosaicked Air Photo 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

25. CCIT 25/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from fixed kernel Size but different Slope Tolerances Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 1 Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 30 Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

26. CCIT 26/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from fixed kernel Size but different Slope Tolerances Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 1 Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 30 Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

27. CCIT 27/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from fixed kernel Size and Slope Tolerance but different Curvature Tolerances Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Curvature Tolerances = 0.5 Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Curvature Tolerances = 1 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

28. CCIT 28/36 National Defense University RESULTS The morphometric features from fixed kernel Size and Slope Tolerance but different Curvature Tolerances Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Curvature Tolerances = 0.1 Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Curvature Tolerances = 0.5 Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Curvature Tolerances = 1 1.Peak(W) 2.Ridge(Y) 3.Pass(R) 4.Plane(G) 5.Channel(B) 6.Pit(M)

29. CCIT 29/36 National Defense University CONCLUSION The Extraction of morphometric features could be affected significantly by three parameters : kernel size, slope and curvatures of the surface.

30. CCIT 30/36 National Defense University CONCLUSION 1.When kernel size is changed topographic features extracted from DEM are affected variably. 2.The numbers of peaks, passes and pits remain to be the minority of the six classes. 3.Pits are missing when the kernel size is small ( 27) in this case. 4.Ridges decrease when the kernel size is less than 9 but increase when greater than 9. Channel ditto. 5.By contraries the numbers of Planes increase when the kernel size is less than 9 and decrease when coarser than 9.

31. CCIT 31/36 National Defense University CONCLUSION 1.When Slope Tolerance is changed topographic features extracted from DEM are also affected variably in the case of the kernel size is fixed to 15. 2.The numbers of peaks and pits remain to be the steady minority of the six classes and ridges remain unchanged. 3.Channels and passes increase when the Slope Tolerance is coarser. 4.On the contrary the numbers of Planes decrease when the Slope Tolerance is coarser.

32. CCIT 32/36 National Defense University CONCLUSION 1.When Curvature Tolerance is changed topographic features extracted from DEM are also affected variably in the case of the kernel size is fixed to 15 and slope tolerance to 10. 2.Again, the numbers of peaks, passes and pits remain to be the steady minority of the six classes. 3.Ridges increase dramatically when the Curvature Tolerance is finer. Channel ditto. 4.On the contrary the numbers of Planes decrease when the Curvature Tolerance is finer.

33. CCIT 33/36 National Defense University CONCLUSION 1.in short, we found that the kernel size could affect significantly the results of extraction modeling in the Mount Washington area. 2.Obviously, the kernel size should be between 3 and 27 in this research. 3.Kernel size 15 seems working properly and its result appears to be reasonable. 4.Once kernel size is fixed to 15 Slope tolerance 10 seems can extract features fairly well. 5.Curvature tolerance 0.3 can lead to good result in the basis of the above condition.

34. CCIT 34/36 National Defense University CONCLUSION Use ENVI's 3-D SurfaceView to fly through the 3- dimensional data sets. The data can be displayed with vectors or a grayscale or color image draped over it, as a wire frame, ruled grid, or points. We can rotate, translate, and zoom in and out of the 3-D surface in real-time using the mouse cursor. A flight path can be interactively defined or drawn using ENVI's annotation. The flight path can be animated to produce 3-D fly ‑ throughs of our data. The vertical and horizontal view angles can be controlled and we can fly through our data at a constant height above the surface or at a constant altitude. The cursor is also linked to your draped image allowing profiles and cursor locations and values to be viewed from the 3-D projection.

35. CCIT 35/36 National Defense University 3D Visualization of the results: Topographic kernel sizes = 15 Slope Tolerance = 10 Curvature Tolerances = 0.3 Air Photos + DEM CONCLUSION 1.Peak(R) 2.Ridge(G) 3.Pass(B) 4.Plane(Y) 5.Channel(CY) 6.Pit(M)

36. CCIT 36/36 National Defense University Thank you! Q&A