2. Write underlined material in outline format and highlight yellow words!

3. A. OCEAN 1. great body of salt water comprising all the oceans and seas 2. covers nearly ¾, or 70%, of all the surface of the earth

5. (Oceans: Earth’s Last Frontier) Earth’s Five Oceans- 59 seconds Earth’s Five Oceans- 59 seconds

6. B. OCEANOGRAPHY the scientific study of the physical (things you can see & feel), chemical (microscopic components), and biological (plants & animals) aspects of the ocean world the scientific study of the physical (things you can see & feel), chemical (microscopic components), and biological (plants & animals) aspects of the ocean world

7. C. MARINE of or relating to the sea

8. (Examples): Marines- US military group that protect and serve from the ocean Marines- US military group that protect and serve from the ocean Marina- harbor in the water to dock & store boats Marina- harbor in the water to dock & store boats Mariner- sailor Mariner- sailor

9. D. MARINE BIOLOGY the scientific study of plants and animal life in the water environment

11. E. OCEAN BASIN STRUCTURE 1.Average depth: 16,000 feet (almost 3 miles) 1 mile = 5,280 ft. 2. Total volume: 322,300, 000 cubic miles

12. 3. 3 major subdivisions: Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans

13. 4. Continental Shelf: Area extending from the shorelines of the continents seaward an average distance of 43 miles, varying from 0 to 930 miles

15. 5. Continental Slope: Extends from the shelf, dropping steeply to 12, 000 feet 6. Continental Rise: Considered part of the ocean floor; extends from the base of the slope to the flat abyssal plains of the deep ocean floor

19. 7. Mid-ocean ridges: Underwater mountain chains with inner troughs that are heavily intersected by cracks called fracture zones; continuous system that winds for 40,000 miles through all oceans

22. 8. Plate Tectonics: Movements in the earth’s crust; esp. important along the mid-ocean ridges in the troughs where molten rock surfaces from the mantle and spreads, adding new material to the crustal plates

23. (Why are the mountains so high?) Streamline: Plate tectonics and continental drift 2:09 Streamline: Plate tectonics and continental drift 2:09

25. (8. Plate Tectonics – continued) a. The name of the one huge landmass that was supposedly all the continents connected was called Pangaea

28. (8. Plate Tectonics – continued) b. In the Atlantic Ocean, the plates in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are moving apart.3 to 3.9 inches per year, therefore the Atlantic is getting BIGGER

29. Mid-Atlantic Ridge

31. (8. Plate Tectonics – continued) c. In the Pacific Ocean, the expanding crust of the Atlantic is pushed back under the mantle in the Mariana Trench, the deepest known point in the ocean (6.8 miles or 36,201 feet);

32. FYI Deepest part of the Mariana Trench is called The Challenger Deep, after the British exploration vessel, Challenger II. It is located 210 miles SW of Guam. Deepest part of the Mariana Trench is called The Challenger Deep, after the British exploration vessel, Challenger II. It is located 210 miles SW of Guam. If Mt. Everest (tallest point on earth- 29,035 ft) was set in the trench, there would still be 7,166 feet of water above it! If Mt. Everest (tallest point on earth- 29,035 ft) was set in the trench, there would still be 7,166 feet of water above it!

33. The Mariana Trench is 1580 miles long and 43 miles wide. The pressure at the bottom is 8 tons per square inch! James Cameron (the director of the Terminator movie series and Titanic) explored the Challenger Deep in a manned submersible called the Deepsea Challenger on March 26, 2012. They collected samples and documented the experience in a 3-D movie.

34. (c. continued) It’s known as a subduction zone (“sub” = beneath); likewise, the Pacific is getting SMALLER It’s known as a subduction zone (“sub” = beneath); likewise, the Pacific is getting SMALLER

38. F. COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER: A dilute solution of several salts derived from weathering and erosion of continental rocks A dilute solution of several salts derived from weathering and erosion of continental rocks

39. Oceans: Earth’s Last Frontier Streamline: Salt Water 2:11 Streamline: Salt Water 2:11

40. F. (continued) 1. Salinity is the total dissolved salts in parts per thousand parts of water a. Salinity is nearly zero in continental (fresh) waters b. 41/1000 in Red Sea

41. c. 150/1000 in Great Salt Lake d. 35/1000 in main ocean

42. G. TEMPERATURE: 1. Ranges from 79  F in 1. Ranges from 79  F in tropical waters to 29  F tropical waters to 29  F (freezing point of (freezing point of saltwater) in polar regions saltwater) in polar regions 2. Temp. from the surface to 330 ft. remains fairly to 330 ft. remains fairly constant constant

43. 3. From 330 ft. to 3300 ft. it drops rapidly to about 41  F 4. Continues to drop until it reaches slightly above freezing 5. A region of rapid temp. changes is called the thermocline (“thermo” = heat)

44. H. OCEAN CURRENTS: Surface currents, or gyres, are kept in motion by prevailing winds and the rotation of the earth 1. Main SURFACE currents: Gulf Stream in North Atlantic and Kuroshio in North Pacific

46. 2. Deeper circulation is determined by density differences between water masses, or thermohaline circulation (“thermo” = heat and “haline” = salt) 3. Cooler water is denser than warmer water, therefore it sinks

50. Understanding Oceans Streamline: Factors Affecting Ocean Currents 3:35 Streamline: Factors Affecting Ocean Currents 3:35

51. Streamline: Understanding Deep Ocean Currents 4:18

52. http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightl y-news/50152559 http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nightl y-news/50152559

53. I. OCEAN RESOURCES 1. Approx. 85 million metric tons of fish a year

54. 2. Whales 2. Whales may only be harvested by aboriginal tribes with permits; commercial whaling is prohibited BLUBBER

55. 3. Approx. 700,000 metric tons of seaweed

56. 4. Approx.10 billion tons of gold (too spread out to recover) 5. major minerals include magnesium, bromine, oyster shells, and some diamonds BROMINE OYSTERS DIAMONDS

57. 6. Approx. 1/3 of the world’s petroleum production

58. Insert Video Here from Streamlining