1. 1 Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 12

2. 2 Announcement Will and Kate will extend their office hours next week to accommodate students who want to review their exam. Kate (students A-Q): Monday, February 28 th, 12:00-2:00, Kenny 3526. Will (students R-Z): Thursday, March 3 rd, 11:00-1:00, Kenny 3328.

3. 3 Personality 1.Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non-Western cultures? (continued)

4. 4 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. describe Eysenck’s theory of personality and the Five Factor Model. 2. review research findings regarding the universality of Eysenck’s personality dimensions and the “Big 5” dimensions. 3. distinguish between etic and emic measures. 4. describe indigenous personality dimensions identified in other cultures.

5. 5  Barrett et al. (1998) administered Eysenck’s measure to participants in 34 countries (e.g., Australia, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Uganda, US). Consistent with Eysenck’s theory, they found that each of the 3 dimensions could be reproduced in all of the countries surveyed. Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non- Western cultures? 1. Eysenck’s (1967, 1975) Trait Theory of Personality (continued)

6. 6  Similarly, Lynn and Martin (1997) administered a modified version of Eysenck’s measure to participants in 37 countries (e.g., Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Egypt, Finland, Iran, Japan, Nigeria, Russia, Uganda, Yugoslavia) and found that each of the 3 dimensions could be reproduced in all of the countries surveyed.

7. 7 Personality Dimension Highest Scoring Countries Lowest Scoring Countries Psychoticism Czechoslovakia, India, Yugoslavia Spain, Portugal, Norway Extraversion Israel, United States, Puerto Rico Russia, Iran, China Emotional Instability Greece, Russia, Egypt Norway, Nigeria, Israel Countries High and Low on Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Emotional Instability (Lynn & Martin, 1997)

8. 8 Personality Dimension Maximum Possible Score Average Score for Males Average Score for Females Canada’s Score for Males Canada’s Score for Females Psychoticism305.34.14.73.8 Extraversion3018.918.118.317.8 Emotional Instability 3013.015.711.514.0 Canada’s Scores on Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Emotional Instability (Lynn & Martin, 1997)

9. 9  Consistent with the results obtained for Canada, Lynn and Martin (1997) found that: (a) in 36 of the 37 countries surveyed, men obtained higher means than women on psychoticism. (c) in all of the countries surveyed, men obtained lower means than women on emotional instability. (b) in 30 of the 37 countries surveyed, men obtained higher means than women on extraversion.

10. 10  In contrast to these findings, van Hemert et al. (2002) administered Eysenck’s measure to participants in 24 countries (e.g., Bangladesh, Chile, China, Germany, Iran, Ireland, Nigeria, Russia) and found that only 2 of the dimensions could be reproduced in all of the countries surveyed: extraversion and emotional instability.  Thus, at this point, only 2 of Eysenck’s dimensions— extraversion and emotional instability—may be of universal importance in describing personality.

11. 11 2. The Five Factor Model of Personality  The Five Factor Model of Personality (FFM) was developed on the basis of empirical research.  Over the last several decades, dozens of researchers have attempted to identify the basic dimensions underlying the array of trait adjectives found in the English language.  Early studies were based on the work of Allport and Odbert (1936), who identified 17,953 trait adjectives in the English language dictionary.

12. 12  These early studies attempted to identify the basic dimensions underlying Allport and Odbert’s list of trait adjectives. The researchers: (a) reduced Allport and Odbert’s list of trait adjectives to a manageable number by eliminating synonyms, physical descriptors, temporary states, and unfamiliar terms. (b) administered the reduced list of trait adjectives to participants in the form of a self-report questionnaire. (c) factor analyzed participants’ responses in order to identify groups of highly inter-correlated items.

13. 13  The researchers consistently found 5 groups of inter- correlated items. Each group of inter-correlated items was thought to reflect a single dimension of personality.  In the years following these early studies, other researchers (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1989; Goldberg, 1981; McCrae, 2002) have attempted to identify the basic dimensions underlying English language trait adjectives and produced the same 5 dimensions identified by early researchers.

14. 14  Accordingly, many contemporary personality psychologists have come to believe that there are 5 basic dimensions underlying personality in English- speaking cultures: Extraversion (E): Reflects engagement with the social world. E.g., assertive and talkative vs. inhibited and shy. Neuroticism (N): Reflects a tendency to experience negative and unstable emotions. E.g., anxious and insecure vs. optimistic and stable.

15. 15 Agreeableness (A): Reflects a concern with cooperation and social harmony. E.g., kind and sympathetic vs. cold and cruel. Conscientiousness (C): Reflects an ability to control and regulate impulses. E.g., meticulous and organized vs. disorderly and sloppy. Openness to Experience (O): Reflects an open and creative cognitive style. E.g., artistic and intellectual vs. unimaginative and unreflective.

16. 16  The 5 dimensions are typically assessed using one of two types of measures:

17. 17 (a) Self-report questionnaires containing adjectives accompanied by rating scales. Questionnaire: The Big Five Test Score 1: Openness to Experience Score 3: Extraversion Score 2: Conscientiousness Score 4: Agreeableness Score 5: Neuroticism

18. 18 Score 1: Openness to Experience FemalesX = 19.4SD = 2.925%ile = 1875%ile = 21 MalesX = 20.3SD = 2.825%ile = 1875%ile = 22 Score 2: Conscientiousness FemalesX = 20.2SD = 3.225%ile = 1975%ile = 23 MalesX = 18.8SD = 3.325%ile = 1775%ile = 21 The Big Five Test: Statistics for an American Sample X = Mean SD = Standard deviation 25%ile and below = Low scores 75%ile and above = High scores

19. 19 Score 4: Agreeableness FemalesX = 22.2SD = 2.625%ile = 2175%ile = 24 MalesX = 18.8SD = 3.325%ile = 1775%ile = 21 Score 5: Neuroticism FemalesX = 18.5SD = 4.425%ile = 1675%ile = 22 MalesX = 16.3SD = 4.925%ile = 1375%ile = 20 Score 3: Extraversion FemalesX = 19.0SD = 3.525%ile = 1775%ile = 22 MalesX = 18.8SD = 3.525%ile = 1675%ile = 22

20. 20 Items from the NEO-PI-R: “I don’t find it easy to take charge of a situation.” (E) “Most people I know like me.”(A) “I keep my belongings neat and clean.”(C) “I have frequent mood swings.”(N) “I enjoy trying new and foreign foods.”(O) (b)Self-report questionnaires containing statements accompanied by rating scales.

21. 21  For example, McCrae and Terracciano (2005) administered the NEO-PI-R to participants in 51 countries (e.g., Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Iceland, Indonesia, Kuwait, Nigeria, Russia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey). Consistent with the FFM, they found that each of the 5 dimensions could be reproduced in all of the countries surveyed.  In light of the popularity of the FFM, psychologists have examined its universality across cultures.

22. 22  On the basis of their findings, McCrae and Terracciano (2005) developed the following diagram to depict the “personality profiles” of different nations. Note: (a) Countries that are close to one another in the diagram tend to share similar personality profiles. (b) Countries located toward the top of the diagram tend to be high in N and low in C. Countries located toward the right of the diagram tend to be high in E, A, and O.

23. 23 High N, Low C High E, A, and O

24. 24 Note that the largest difference that McCrae and Terracciano (2005) found was in E: E.g., Mean scores on E (max=120): Americans: 52.3 Belgians: 52.2 Canadians: 52.5 English: 53.7 French Swiss: 51.0 Irish: 55.6 Portuguese: 51.3 Chinese: 46.6 Ethiopians: 47.0 Filipinos: 48.9 Indians: 48.5 Moroccans: 44.8 Nigerians: 44.4 Ugandans: 46.5

25. 25  In contrast to McCrae and Terracciano (2005), other researchers have administered indigenously developed measures to participants in other cultures. The results of their studies suggest that there may be more than 5 dimensions underlying personality in some non-English speaking countries.  For example, Church et al. (1997) developed an indigenous measure of personality in the Philippines.

26. 26  Church et al. (1997) initially identified 6,900 trait adjectives in the Filipino language dictionary. In order to identify the basic dimensions underlying these trait adjectives. They: (a) reduced the list of trait adjectives to a manageable number by eliminating synonyms, physical descriptors, temporary states, and unfamiliar terms. (b) administered the reduced list of trait adjectives to participants in the form of a self-report questionnaire. (c) factor analyzed participants’ responses in order to identify groups of highly inter-correlated items.

27. 27 Using this procedure, Church et al. (1997) identified 7 groups of inter-correlated items or dimensions of personality. They labeled the dimensions: Gregariousness, Self-assurance, Concern for others vs. egotism, Conscientiousness, Intellect, Temperamentalness, and Negative valence They found that the first 5 of these dimensions were highly correlated with the FFM dimensions of E, N, A, C, and O, respectively:

28. 28 Filipino Dimension ENACO Gregariousness.66**.03-.13**-.37**.10** Self-Assurance.31**-.58**.13**.24**.36** Concern for others vs. Egotism -.03-.17**.81**.56**.10** Conscientiousness-.35**-.20**.59**.77**-.01 Intellect.05-.26**.30**.32**.56** Correlations between Church et al.’s (1997) Filipino Dimensions of Personality and the Big 5 **p <.01

29. 29 Temperamentalness: Reflects emotional reactivity. E.g., hot-headed and irritable vs. calm and understanding. Negative valence: Reflects social deviance. E.g., crazy and sadistic vs. normal and loving. However, they found that the latter 2 dimensions were not correlated with the FFM dimensions. Church et al. described these 2 dimensions as “indigenous Philippine dimensions”:

30. 30  On the basis of these findings, Church et al. (1997) suggested that there are at least 7 dimensions underlying personality in the Philippines: E, N, A, C, O, temperamentalness, and negative valence.

31. 31 Personality 1.Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non-Western cultures? (continued)