1. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 Schematic of the EHD-jet printing setup and experimental setup for EHD-jet printing Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 (a) Pulsating (microdripping) mode of EHD printing of wax. (b) Footprint of printed droplets from different voltages, from left 560 V to right 640 V. Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 Droplets dimension at different process conditions. (a) Morphology and cross section of a typical droplet (from tip III printed at 890 V). (b) Droplet volume, (c) footprint diameter, and (d) thickness for droplets printed by three different nozzles at respective working voltage range. Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 (a) Drop-on-demand printed letter patterns. (b) Micropillar structures by printing droplet directly on the top of the previous droplets. Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 (a) Schematic configuration for FEA study of the electrostatic force on the droplets. (b) Cross section plot of the nozzle, meniscus, and half ejected droplet. (c) Electrical field distribution around the nozzle tip during droplet ejection (the unit of the scale bar is V/μm). Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 FEA results (dots) and fitted relations from Eq. (1) (line) of electrostatic force for tip I. (a) Relationship between electrostatic forces and voltages. (b) Relationship between electrostatic forces and droplet diameter. (c) Relationship between electrostatic forces and nozzle diameter. (d) Verification of the force prediction from Eq. (1) (circle) using experimental obtained droplet diameter (square). Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 (a) Intersection points of the line for surface tension force and the curves for electrostatic force give the resulting droplets diameter at different voltages for tip I. (b) Comparison between droplets dimension from FEA (lines) and experimentally measured results (data points) for three different nozzles. Figure Legend:

8. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 Effective voltage considering the dielectric substrate Figure Legend:

9. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 Experimental results indicate a unified relationship between normalize droplet diameter and electrical bond number Figure Legend:

10. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 (a) Schematic configuration for FEA study of electrostatic field strength and charge calculation. (b) Electrostatic field distribution along center axis for tip I at 560 V (bottom), 600 V (middle), and 640 V (top). The insertion shows the electrical field distribution around meniscus apex. (c) Charge of a single droplet for three tips at their own working range. Figure Legend:

11. Date of download: 7/8/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Development and Modeling of Melt Electrohydrodynamic-Jet Printing of Phase-Change Inks for High- Resolution Additive Manufacturing J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2014;136(6):061010-061010-7. doi:10.1115/1.4028483 (a) Typical velocity profile for droplet in-flight for tip I at 560 V, 600 V, and 640 V. (b) Impact velocity for three nozzles at different voltages. (c) Reynolds number and (d) Weber number at impact for three nozzles, tip I, tip II, and tip III. Figure Legend: