1. High-Temperature Superconducting Generators for Direct Drive Applications OZAN KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk Institute for Energy Systems The University of Edinburgh April 2011

2. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 2 Superconductor?  Abolish the OHM’s Law Kakani2009 Zero Resistivity

3. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 3 MERCURY  The First Superconductor Material  Discovered in 1911  Critical Temp = 4.2 K (-269 C)

4. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 4 Infinite Current? Unfortunately NOT. www.superox.ru

5. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 5 YBCO (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 ) Current Density > 200 A/mm2 (5-10 A/mm2 for copper)

6. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 6 Perfect Diamagnetism

7. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 7 Applications: MagLev Train

8. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 8 Applications: Large Hadron Collider  Superconducting Magnets Up to 16 T, Normal PM ~1.5 T

9. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 9 Applications: MRI

10. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 10 Power Applications Courtesy AMSC, InnoPower Superconductor  Transmission Lines  Fault Current Limiter

11. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 11 Power Applications : Electrical Machines Courtesy of Siemens, Converteam (ALSTOM)  Siemens: 400 kW  Converteam (ALSTOM): 5 MW HTS

12. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 12 Power Applications : Electrical Machines  36.5 MW, 120 rpm (U.S. Navy, AMSC) Courtesy of AMSC

13. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 13 Wind Turbine Applications? M. Lesser, J. Müller, “Superconductor Technology – Generating the Future of Offshore Wind Power,” BARD 5MW

14. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 14 Direct-Drive Solutions EESM: Electrically excited Synchronous Machine HTSG: High-Temperature Superconducting Generator PMG: Permanent-Magnet Generator Bubble Size: Power Rating

15. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 15 Cost Comparison (HTSG vs. PMG) Lesser2009

16. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 16 Types of HTS Machines  Rotating DC Superconducting Field  Most Common Type  Transient Torques on HTS wire  Cryocooler Coupler + Brushes  Low Reliability  Cooling Times  Magnetized Bulk HTS  Very Difficult to Handle  Demagnetization  All Superconducting Machines  AC Losses on HTS wire

17. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 17 Reliability?  Stationary SC Coil  No Cryogenic Coupler  No Brushes  No Transient Torque on SC  Simplified Cooling, Isolation  DC Field  No AC losses  Maximized Current

18. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 18 Homopolar HTSG

19. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 19 Homopolar HTSG

20. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 20 Axial Bipolar HTS Machine

21. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 21 Bonus: Bipolar Linear HTSG  Suitable for WECs

22. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 22 Transversal Flux HTSG

23. Ozan KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk 23 Thanks. OZAN KEYSAN o.keysan@ed.ac.uk www.see.ed.ac.uk/~okeysan o.keysan@ed.ac.uk