1. Unit 1 Cornell-B “Why was a new Constitution written and what compromises were necessary? Describe the debate over the Constitution’s ratification.”

2. Interactive Notebook On a fresh piece of paper: “Unit 1 - Cornell-B pg.67” 1. Why did Daniel Shays lead a rebellion against Massachusetts and what did 12 of the states decide to do about it ?

3. Shays’ Rebellion Farmer’s income decreased while taxes increased. Farmers who could not pay their debts had their farms taken away by the courts. Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and his supporters occupy a Massachusetts courthouse.

4. The U.S., without an organized army, was powerless. Massachusetts sent a militia to stop the rebellion.

5. Shays’ Rebellion convinced many people that the U.S. needed a new, stronger government. The Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced!

6. Articles of Confederation too weak to hold 13 states together Answer in your Interactive Notebook: Read pg. 67 “Experimenting with Confederation” “Experimenting with Confederation” 2. What was the “first” constitution called? The new USA was a republic with which form of government? 3. List 3 of the biggest weaknesses of this government.

7. I. What was the situation after the Revolution? Weak National Gov’t No Executive or Judiciary No Army Cannot Tax US Merchants boarded at Sea Shay’s Rebellion Weak Economy National War Debt No Common Currency States have conflicting trade rules and laws

8. II. Constitutional Convention

9. Where: Independence Hall, Philadelphia Who: Delegates from 12 of 13 states When: 1787

10. II. Constitutional Convention: Why did they meet: To MODIFY the old Articles of Confederation – but then they decided to dump it and start from scratch; They held SECRET meetings and presented a finished draft to the states for approval (ratification) Why secret? They didn’t want the public to panic.

11. III. Compromises at the Convention There were issues and DISAGREEMENTS at the Convention and delegates had to reach compromises in order to produce a finished draft constitution. Compromises: 1. The “GREAT Compromise” 2. The “3/5ths Compromise”

12. A. Issues: How many representatives in Congress does each state get? Big States (more populous) wanted MORE. why? They would have more control in Congress Little States wanted EQUAL number from each state. why? The big states would have more power over the little states

13. - It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote. Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia, 1787) - George Washington was elected president of the Convention. Virginia PlanNew Jersey Plan - Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches. - It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state.

14. - It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote. Virginia PlanNew Jersey Plan - Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches. - It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state. “Great Compromise” It provided for a bicameral Congress. A. House of Representatives – each state is represented according to its population (satisfied the VA Plan) B. Senate – each state has 2 Senators (satisfied the NJ Plan) * Both houses of Congress must pass every law.

15. B. Issue: SOUTHERN states want their slaves to be counted into their population – NORTHERN states (that have no slaves) object to this. why ? The southern states would get more representation in the House of Reps.

16. In order to determine the population of a state, only 3 out of every 5 slaves would be counted. “Three- Fifths Compromise ”

17. “Interactive Notes: Unit 1 Cornell B”—pg. 69 and 70 4. Who are the federalists? Anti- Federalists? 5. Describe “The Federalist” papers. Who were the Authors?

18. IV. Debate over Ratification (approval) of new Constitution: 9 states must vote to ratify the new constitution – a debate starts between those who favor it (FEDERALISTS) and those who are against it (ANTI-Federalists) – why? Federalists = New constitution / “The Constitution” Anti-Federalists = 1 st constitution / “Articles of Confederation”

19. IV. Debate over Ratification of the New Constitution ANTI-Federalists Arguments? FEDERALISTS Arguments?

20. Federalists vs. Anti-federalists Anti-Federalists New Constitution makes the national government TOO powerful and States TOO weak New Constitution makes the national government TOO powerful and States TOO weak New Constitution fails to protect individual rights – people will lose their rights New Constitution fails to protect individual rights – people will lose their rights Federalists New Constitution has correct “balance” of power between the national government and the States New Constitution has correct “balance” of power between the national government and the States “Checks & Balances”, “Separation of Powers” and a Bi-cameral Congress will protect individual rights “Checks & Balances”, “Separation of Powers” and a Bi-cameral Congress will protect individual rights (constitutional / enlightenment idea of “limited powers”) (constitutional / enlightenment idea of “limited powers”)

21. IV. Debate over Ratification of the New Constitution Compromise The Federalists agree to add a BILL OF RIGHTS to New Constitution

22. V. The Ratification Compromise = BILL OF RIGHTS (Amendments 1-10) Purpose: The BILL OF RIGHTS was intended to LIMIT the power of GOVERNMENT over individuals and to LIMIT the power of the MAJORITY over individuals, too (to protect the MINORITY). Amendments say what RIGHTS (natural rights) cannot be taken away from individuals by either the GOVERNMENT or a MAJORITY of the people. How: Various Amendments focus on certain RIGHTS. However, one of the most important Amendments is the 1st Amendment where certain CLAUSES protect fundamental rights. Write some of these clauses and explanations: see pg. 96-97

23. VI. Constitutional Principles A. REPRESENTATIVE democracy ( a REPUBLIC) B. FEDERALISM (a federal form of government) C. 3 BRANCHES with SEPARATE powers D. LIMITED government with RULE of LAW E. Checks & BALANCES F. MAJORITY rule & free ELECTIONS G. Civil RIGHTS

24. VI. Constitutional Principles A. Representative democracy, a Republic Republic B. Federalism = the people are represented by elected officials = Form of government that divides/shares power between the national govt. and state govts.

25. The Constitution of 1787 Federalism Powers “shared” between States & National Governments

26. VI. Constitutional Principles C. 3 Branches with separate powers D. Limited government with Rule of Law = Executive, Legislative and Judicial; each branch can do things that other branches cannot do = govt. power is limited; govt. cannot violate the law— no one is above the law govt. cannot violate the law— no one is above the law

27. VI. Constitutional Principles E. Checks & Balances F. Majority Rule and free elections G. Civil Rights = each Branch of govt. can block the power of other branches = voters shall freely choose their representatives —half + 1 = citizen's ability to fully participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression

28. “3 branches”, “Checks & Balances” & “Separation of Powers”—LIMITED GOVERNMENT