1. WHAT IS A ROCK? A rock is a mixture of one or more minerals.

2. Rocks PETROLOGY: the study of rocks MONOMINERALLIC: Rocks that are composed of only one mineral. (Halite = ROCK SALT) POLYMINERALLIC: Rocks made from two or more minerals combined. (Granite = Quartz, Hornblende, Feldspar) SPROOTS: PETRO: Rock MONO: One POLY: Many

3. ROCKS: Polyminerallic (Made up of more than one mineral)

4. Monomineralic Made up of one mineral only. i.e. QUARTZITE(QUARTZ)

5. Monominerallic ROCK SALT (HALITE)

6. Monominerallic LIMESTONE (CALCITE)

7. THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROCKS: These classifications are based on HOW THE ROCK WAS FORMED. The 3 Classifications are: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic SPROOTS: IGNIS: FIRE SED: Sit META: Change MORPH: Form/Shape

8. THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROCKS: The 3 Classifications are: Igneous Formed from solidification of magma or lava Sedimentary Formed by compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic Rocks change into a totally new rock due to exposure to heat and pressure.

9. IGNEOUS ROCKS “Formed from Fire” Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and solidifies (crystallizes). Molten rock trapped underground is called magma. Molten rock erupted at Earth's surface is referred to as lava

10. Classification of Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are divided into two groups: (Classification is based on WHERE they form and how quickly they cool off) 1.INTRUSIVE (or plutonic rocks) which form underground. (MAGMA) 2. EXTRUSIVE (or volcanic rocks) which form at Earth's surface. (LAVA)

11. Textures of Igneous Rocks The texture of an igneous rock is determined by its rate of cooling. Intrusive rocks: – Formed due to slow cooling of magma underground. –Crystals had a long time to grow –Results in large crystals (coarse texture) easily seen by the naked eye.

12. Intrusive Granite = Coarse Crystals

13. Intrusive PEGMATITE Very COARSE Crystals

14. Textures of Igneous Rocks EXTRUSIVE rocks: – Formed due to rapid cooling of lava above ground. –Crystals have very little or no time to grow –Results in tiny or no crystals (fine grained texture) which cannot be seen by the naked eye. Textures can be: FINE GRAINED GLASSY VESICULAR

15. Extrusive “FINE GRAINED” Texture BASALT

16. Extrusive “GLASSY” Texture NO Crystals Visible OBSIDIAN

17. Extrusive “VESICULAR” Texture Looks Spongy: Holes from Escaping Gas SCORIA

18. Composition of Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are divided into three compositional groups: 1) Felsic - ( LIGHT COLOR) (Aluminum Rich) 2) Intermediate - usually light to dark gray in color. 3) Mafic - usually black to dark green in color. (DARK COLOR) (FeMg: ferromagnesian)

20. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks are made from compaction and cementation of sediments. Very often formed in a watery environment through deposition or evaporation. They are the most common rocks found at the surface. Generally form a thin layer over metamorphic or igneous rocks which are more abundant within Earth.

21. Sedimentary Rocks Sediments – fragments of rock and organic matter Another word for sediments is “CLASTS” Sediments are often deposited in layers FOSSILS are only found in sedimentary rocks. SPROOTS: SED: Sit CLAST: Broken/To Break

22. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks are classified as CLASTIC: Containing fragments of sediments SPROOT: CLAST: To break/broken BIO-CLASTIC: Containing fragments of organic matter. CRYSTALLINE: Containing fragments of crystallized minerals due to evaporation. (Evaporites).

23. CLASTIC CONGLOMERATE SPROOTS: CON: With/Together

24. CLASTIC BRECCIA

25. BIO CLASTIC COQUINA

26. BIO CLASTIC FOSSIL LIMESTONE ANYTIME YOU SEE A FOSSIL, YOU AUTOMATICALLY KNOW YOUR ROCK IS SEDIMENTARY!!!!

27. BIO CLASTIC BITUMINOUS COAL

28. CRYSTALLINE (Evaporites) ROCK SALT

29. CRYSTALLINE (Evaporites) ROCK GYPSUM

31. Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks are formed from the change of a pre-existing rock by heat /and or pressure. Metamorphic rocks are classified as either foliated or non-foliated. Foliated rocks display mineral alignment or “banding”. Non-foliated rocks do not have a layers or banding effect. Recrystallized Minerals.

32. Foliated rocks display mineral alignment or “banding”. Igneous GRANITE Metamorphic GNEISS

33. Foliated SLATE Layered Sedimentary SHALE Foliated Metamorphic SLATE More Compact, denser, bit shinier

34. Higher Metamorphism in Slate Phyllite: More dense and compact and very shiny due to re- crystallization of Mica.

35. Foliated Platey Mica Look for shiny rocks with lots of mica. MICA SCHIST

36. Foliated Mica and… LOOK FOR GARNET!

37. NON FOLIATED Recrystallization of minerals into a more dense rock. Metamorphosed Sedimentary Sandstone QUARTZITE

38. Non Foliated MARBLE….Metamorphosed Sedimentary Limestone

40. THE ROCK CYCLE A CONTINUOUS, DYNAMIC SET OF PROCESSES BY WHICH ROCKS ARE CHANGED INTO OTHER TYPES OF ROCK.

41. THE ROCK CYCLE

43. Website http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/basicgeo/IGNE OUS_TOUR.htmlhttp://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/basicgeo/IGNE OUS_TOUR.html

44. VIDEO VOCABULARY ROCK CYCLESEDIMENT IGNEOUSDEPOSITION MAGMALITHIFICATION CRYSTALLIZATIONFOLIATION LAVAMETAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARYPLATE TECTONICS WEATHERING EROSION