1. High frequency oscillation in patients with ALI & ARDS : systematic review and meta-analysis Sachin Sud, Maneesh Sud, Jan O Friedrich, Maureen O Meade, Niall D Ferguson, Hannah Wunsch, Neill K J Adhikari BMJ 2010;340:c2327

2. INTRODUCTION  ALI & ARDS Life threatening conditions Acute lung inflammation  pulmonary congestion, hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance  Mechanical ventilation Usually required for adequate tissue oxygenation by overdistending and rupturing healthy alveoli & by triggering a secondary inflammatory response from repeatedly opening and collapsing lung units  intensify lung injury

3.  Lung protective ventilation Limit alveolar distension Recruit non-aerated alveoli, prevent further alveolar collapse Low tidal volumes with or without high PEEP  High frequency oscillation Small tidal volumes (1-4 ml/kg) at high frequencies (3-15 Hz) with an oscillatory pump Constant lung recruitment  The goals of a strategy of lung protective ventilation The use other than as a “rescue” treatment ? INTRODUCTION

5. OBJECTIVES To perform systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of high frequency oscillation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation for adults and children with acute lung injury and ARDS to determine effects on mortality, other clinical and physiological outcomes, and adverse events

6. METHODS Search for randomised controlled trials of high frequency oscillation compared with conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute lung injury, ARDS, or other forms of hypoxaemic respiratory failure Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, ISI The American Thoracic Society (1994-2009), Society of Critical Care Medicine (1994-2010), European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (1994-2009) American College of Chest Physicians (1994-2009)

7. METHODS  High frequency oscillation or conventional mechanical ventilation as the primary ventilation strategy until resolution of acute lung injury or ARDS  Both adults and children  Important co-interventions (weaning, sedation, and paralysis)  Use of rescue treatments for refractory respiratory failure (inhaled nitric oxide, prone positioning, steroids, extracorporeal oxygenation)

8. METHODS  Primary outcome : hospital or 30 day mortality  Secondary outcomes Six month mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation Ventilator-free days to day 28 or 30 Health related quality of life at one year Treatment failure leading to crossover to the other arm or discontinuation of the study protocol

9. METHODS  Treatment failure Severe oxygenation failure, ventilation failure, hypotension barotrauma (pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema)  Physiological outcomes measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after randomisation Oxygenation : PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio Oxygenation index (100×mean airway pressure/(PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio)) Ventilation : PaCO 2 Mean airway pressure

10. RESULTS

12. 431 Median PaO2/FiO2 : 112

19. mean PaO2/FiO2 in HFO mean PaO2/FiO2 in CMV

22. DISCUSSION  Limitation The mortality benefit of high frequency oscillation  Overestimation because of the control group including the largest trial  Exposed to higher tidal volumes (>6-8 ml/kg predicted body weight) than currently recommended The higher rate of crossovers because of treatment failure in conventional ventilation  Reduced the measured effect of high frequency oscillation on mortality

23. DISCUSSION  PaO 2 /FiO 2 : High frequency oscillation > conventional ventilation By increasing transpulmonary pressure and recruiting collapsed alveoli  Oxygenation index (100×mean airway pressure/(PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio)) : No difference  Higher mean airway pressure in high frequency oscillation  The importance of higher mean airway pressure during HFO is unclear because of its incompletely characterized association with alveolar pressure  Mean airway pressures measured in the trachea during HFO : 6-8 cmH 2 O lower than values displayed on the ventilator  Higher mean airway pressures without increasing barotrauma  Increased lung recruitment and reduction of alveolar overdistension  Reduction of ventilator induced lung injury

24. Conclusion  High frequency oscillation might reduce mortality in patients with ARDS compared with conventional ventilation  It improves the PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio by increasing the mean airway pressure but not the oxygenation index