2. PLANT PRODUCTION MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
FARM MACHINERY & EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
(FMPE-502)
B. Sc Agri. Engineering
Lecture
PLANT PRODUCTION MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT BY
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yasin
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology
PMAS-ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY
RAWALPINDI

3. PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Sprayer is a machine to apply fluids in the form of droplets. Sprayer is used for the following purpose.
Application of herbicides to remove weeds.
Application of fungicides to minimize fungus diseases.
Application of insecticides to control insect pests.
Application of micro nutrients on the plants.

4. The main function of sprayer are
To break the liquid droplets of effective size.
To distribute them uniformly over the plants.
To regulate the amount of liquid to avoid excessive application.

5. TYPES OF SPRAY High volume spray (more than 400 litres spray/ha)
Low volume spray
(5 to 400 litres, per hectare)
Ultra low volume (ULV) spray
(less than 5 litres spray/ha)

13. Hand Sprayers Manually operated Knapsack hand compression sprayer
Power operated
Motorized knapsack sprayer
Motorized knapsack duster
Battery operated sprayer

14. Hand Sprayers Motorized knapsack sprayer
Knapsack hand compression sprayer

15. Hand Sprayers
Battery operated sprayer
Motorized knapsack duster

16. TRACTOR MOUNTED SPRAYERS
Crop Sprayers
Mist Boom Sprayer (35 & 45 Ft width)
Garden Sprayers
Mist Blower Type Sprayer
Mist Orchid Sprayer (citrus)

17. BOOM SPRAYER

18. TYPES 43 nozzles (15” b/w adjacent nozzles)

19. BLOWER TYPE SPRAYER

20. Locally it is called as jeeto sprayer. Used for orchard
Locally it is called as jeeto sprayer. Used for orchard. Consist of three parts.
Spray tank
Rotary atomizer
Centrifugal pump
The spray tank is especially manufactured by Fiber Glass, which is corrosion free.

21. MIST ORCHID SPRAYER (FAN TYPE)

22. Locally it is called as jeeto sprayer. Used for orchard
Locally it is called as jeeto sprayer. Used for orchard. Consist of three parts.
Spray tank
Rotary atomizer
Centrifugal pump
The spray tank is especially manufactured by Fiber Glass, which is corrosion free.

24. SUCCESSFUL SPRAYING
Successful Spraying depends on though-rough coverage of the target with evenly distributed individual droplets.
Good biological efficiency will result if the application yields an average of not less than 20 droplets/ cm on the target.
In all system – tractor or knapsack sprayer – it is the nozzle that transforms the mixture into droplets.
Low pressure Bigger droplets
smaller flow
High pressure smaller droplets
Greater flow
Smaller droplets evaporate or drift away by wind so what is the optimum as regards pressure.
In any operation , Pressure should not exceed 5 bar in order to avoid drift. insecticides are sprayed with 1-3 bar.

25. NOZZLE
Spray liquid is emitted, broken up into droplets and dispersed at least over a short distance.
Nozzles are generally classified according to the energy used, hydraulic, gaseous, centrifugal, kinetic, thermal and electrical.

28. HYDRAULIC ENERGY NOZZLE
Liquid under pressure is forced through a small opening or orifice .
There is sufficient velocity energy to spread out the liquid, usually in a thin sheet.
which becomes unstable and disintegrates into droplets of different size.
pressure properties of the liquid such as surface tension , density, viscosity, and ambient air condition all influence the development of sheet .
Hollow cone nozzle
Fan nozzle
Deflector nozzle
Plain jet or solid steel nozzle
Foam or air aspirating nozzle
Microfoil nozzle

29. NOZZLE SELECTION GUIDE
Nozzle Type Salient Features
Hollow cone spray angle 65 – 110 operating pressure 3 bar droplet size 100 – 150 Micron, typical use foliage.
Full cone Spray angle 25 – 70 operating pressure 3 bar droplet size 100 – 200 micron, typical use spot treatment.
variable cone spray angle 0 – 110 operating pressure 3 – bar, droplet size 100 – 200 micron, typical use orchards.
Flat fan Spray angle 80 – 100 operating pressure 2 – 3 bar, droplet size 200 – 250 micron, typical use flat surfaces, post emergence herbicides.

32. Deflector. spray angle 90 – 140 operating pressure 1 – 2 bar
Deflector spray angle 90 – 140 operating pressure 1 – 2 bar droplet size > 250 micron, typical use flat surfaces, pre – emergence herbicides.
Spinning Droplet size 50 – 100 micron typical use foliage Disc and insects.
Rotating Droplet size 25 – 100 micron, typical use foliage
Gauze and insects.
Rain drop Spray angle 55 – 65 , operating pressure 1 – 2 bar, droplet size > 300 micron, typical use liquid fertilizer.

35. SELECTION OF BOOM HEIGHT
Spray angle Nozzle Height ( degree) Above Target (Inch) 65° 22 – 24 73° 20 – 22 80° 17 – ° 12 – 14 at 40 psi, 20 inch row spacing & vertical orientation

36. DROPLET ON TARGET
The very wide range of droplet sizes produced by most nozzles results in off- target losses due either to drift or run-off or both.
Droplet are collected on insects or plant surfaces by sedimentation and impaction.
Droplets below a certain size (<150 um) have insufficient kinetic energy and viscous changes and cannot bounce.
conversely, very large droplets (>200 um) have so much kinetic energy that they shatter on impact.
More droplets are collected on leaves which are fluttering in turbulent conditions and thus present a changing target pattern.
Leaf roughness varies considerably between plants, its upper and lower surfaces and over the leaf surfaces . Generally the leaf roughness is less important when the droplet size is below 150 um.
when choosing a given droplet size for a particular target, meteorological must be the equipment towards target.
The magnitude of the effects of gravitational, meteorological and electrostatic forces on the movement of droplets is influenced by the size of the droplets.

37. OPTIMUM DROPLET SIZE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
Droplet spray classic target retention drift size (um) fication on target hazard < 25 fine aerosole flying insects Good High course aerosole Foliage insects Good High Mist foliage Good High fine spray foliage moderate Low Medium spray Herbicides Poor very low > 300 course spray Liquid fert very poor no drift

38. PUMP SELECTION GUIDE Pump type salient features
Gear Low cost, short life, low pressure 6 bar, low output 50 – 75 l/min.
Diaphragm High cost, long life, high pressure 50 bar, wear resident, high output 75 – 100 l/min.
Piston/plunger High cot, long life, higher pressure 70 bar, wear resistant, high output 75 – 100 l/min.
centrifugal Low cost, long life, low pressure 5 bar, high output 100 – 500 l/min.
vane Low cost, short life, low pressure 20 bar, low
(Rotary) output 50 – 75 l/min.

39. Roller Pump

40. Centrifugal Pump

41. Turbine Pump

42. HOW TO CALIBRATE LEVER OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYER
Fill the tank with water and start spraying.
Determine the spray width of the nozzle.
Assume it is measured 1 m. spray width.
Now check your walking speed.
Let us assume you have 60 m/min walking speed.
The area your sprayer covers in one minute.
1 m spray width x 60 m walking speed = 60 m2/min.
Say spray volume required is 100 l/ha.
Nozzle output = 100 l/ha x 60 m2 /min
10000 m2/ ha
= 0.6 l/min

43. Collect the output of your nozzle at same pumping frequency, normally done during actual spraying.
Does the actual nozzle output correspond to the calculation?
Can the desired output be attained by altering the pressure?
if not ?
Calculate backwards
let us assume you have
nozzle output = 1.0 l/min
spray width = 1. 0 m
walking speed = 60 m/min
spray volume l/ha = (1. 0x10000) 60
= 166 l/ha
Product per tank
you will have to add = 15l tank*5 l/ha
= l product to the tank

44. ACRE
Spray width = 3.0 ft. walking speed = 210 ft/min Area sprayed = 3 x 210 = 630 ft2/ min volume required = 100 l/acre Nozzle output = 100 l/acrex630 ft2/ min ft2/acre = 1.45 l/min