1. Cell Organelles!

2. First, what are cells? Smallest living unit. Most are microscopic.

3. Discovery of cells Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) –Observed sliver of cork –Saw “row of empty boxes” –Coined the term cell (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden “ all living things are made of cells” (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow “all cells come from cells” (CELL THEORY)

4. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)

5. All cells have… A surrounding membrane Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid Organelles – structures for cell function Control center with DNA

6. Types of cells Prokaryotic cells – –Do not have a membrane bound nucleus –Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration –Organelles not bound by membrane

7. And.. Eukaryotic cells – –Has a true nucleus bound by membrane –Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells –Possess many organelles

8. Organelles Specialized subunits of cells that have a particular function Prokaryotes have a few (e.g., ribosomes) Eukaryotes have many, usually surrounded by a membrane This where we get the term “Membrane-bound organelles”

9. Cell Membrane Also called plasma membrane Protects and supports the cell Controls what enters and leaves the cell It is a lipid bilayer (what does this mean??) Found in all types of cells – prokaryotes and eukaryotes!

10. Cell Wall Found in eukaryotic plant and protist cells; also in prokaryotes Main function is protection, rigidity, and support Outside of cell membrane Made of cellulose (a carb!) Allows water and dissolved substances to pass through.

11. The Nucleus Controls most activities in the cell Usually one per cell Contains DNA – the coded instructions for making proteins and other molecules for the cell The nuclear envelope has nuclear pores, where things can enter or leave See?

12. Nucleolus Small, dense region in the middle of the nucleus This is where ribosomes are formed.

13. Cytoplasm Clear fluid within cell that contains all organelles Moves materials throughout the cell It’s the light blue/gray stuff in this picture

14. Ribosomes Makes proteins in the cell May be free in cytoplasm or attached to ER Proteins are vital to life – all cells must produce them!!! In prokaryotes and eukaryotes

15. Golgi Apparatus (Bodies) Stacks of membranes used for storing, modifying, or packaging (the cell’s packaging plant!) Packaged chemicals can be stored inside the cell or move outside the cell Cells that make saliva or mucus have many Golgi bodies

16. Endoplasmic Reticulum Series of folded membranes that form sacs or tubes Two types – smooth and rough

17. Smooth ER vs. Rough ER Smooth ER Smooth - no ribosomes! Synthesizes (makes) lipids Detoxifies drugs Rough ER Ribosomes make it look rough or bumpy Ribosomes synthesize (make) proteins, so the Rough ER is where this happens!

18. Lysosomes Made by the Golgi Apparatus Full of digestive enzymes to digest unwanted particles Help white blood cells to destroy bacteria Clean-up crew!

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20. Peroxisomes Filled with enzymes to digest toxic substances Numerous in the liver Do not form at Golgi Body

21. Vacuoles Store food, water, or waste materials In plant cells, they are very large! Vacuoles and lysosomes working together! Amazing! Astounding!

22. Chloroplasts Found in eukaryotic plant cells & some protist cells Capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis

23. Mitochondria Energy producers – the “powerhouse” of the cell! Convert chemical energy into useable energy Found in animal and plant cells  Many mitochondria in muscle cells – why??  Contain DNA from ovum – so all your mitochondria are from your mom! (Thanks, Mom)

24. Cytoskeleton Overlapping network of filaments and fibers that support the cell and help it maintain its shape Can also help cells move Microfilaments and microtubules

25. Centrioles Help to organize the cell during cell division They migrate to either side of the cell and help to pull it apart Only found in animal cells! Centrioles are made of microtubules

26. Flagellum Extension of the cytoskeleton- Allows movement, main source of transportation for cells Only some animals and some prokaryotes have these

27. Cilia/Pili Extension of the cytoskeleton- Allows things to move around the cell. Propels mucus in your throat, helps with hearing in your ears, and helps move food particles in your stomach. Only some animal cells and some prokaryotes

28. Some organelles have their own DNA…. Two organelles have their own DNA – mitochondria and chloroplasts. Among multicellular animals, nearly all of the mtDNA in a fertilized egg is inherited from only the mother. –One mechanism for this is simple dilution: an egg contains 100,000 to 1,000,000 mitochondria, whereas a sperm contains only 10 to 100.

29. Endosymbiotic Theory: Mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from ancient prokaryotes that developed symbiotic relationships with ancient cells. In other words… mitochondria and chloroplasts are former prokaryotes that now “live” inside eukaryotes!

30. More Historic Figures 1600s –Robert Hooke – cork cells –Anton van Leeuwenhoek – “animalcules” 1800s –Matthias Schleiden – “Father of” Cell Theory 1900s –Janet Plowe –cell membrane is an actual structure –George Langford – from NC! Breakthroughs in understanding the cytoskeleton

31. The End ICells!