1. The History of Imperialism and Colonialism

2. Background The Age of Imperialism began in the 15 th century Driven by desire to acquire wealth and resources, monarchs extended power and influence through diplomacy or military force Expansion became known as The Age of Empire

3. Evolved into colonialism as countries began acquiring political control and occupying it with settlers while also exploiting the land and people for economic gain Portugal, Spain, Holland, France, and Britain were involved Not a uniquely European phenomenon: China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire were also embarking on colonial quests Colonialism present in North America, South America, Oceania, Asia, and Africa

4. Justification Widely held belief that lands being claimed were terra nullius (land belonging to no one) and therefore were open to be claimed The Doctrine of Discovery – based on 2 concepts: 1.Christian nations had a right to colonize, as long as they converted the Indigenous population 2.As a superior race, Europeans were bringing the benefits of civilization to the “heathen” Due to “Christianizing mission” Papacy supported imperial expansion and issued papal bulls in favour of imperial ventures

5. Effects 1.Economic effects European-dominated global economy Resource exploitation 2.Geo-political effects Mass migration of colonists to foreign lands 3.Cultural effects Pressure on indigenous peoples to assimilate to the European society’s values and beliefs Decline in indigenous population due to introduction of diseases (measles, smallpox, etc.)

6. Colonialism Within Canada The relationship between colonists and indigenous peoples is complex: – Europeans were first dependent on the guidance and support of the indigenous population in order to survive and thrive economically – Over the years, power shifted and the indigenous peoples lost many rights and their autonomy through treaty making, fraud, coercion, or seizure As part of the colonial process Canada desired to assimilate the indigenous population into the greater dominant European society and embarked upon a legacy of cultural genocide culminating in the Residential School system 1883 - Canadian government opened its first industrial residential school for indigenous children 1996 – last Residential School was closed in Canada

7. Life prior to colonialism, during colonialism, and living with the legacy of colonialism: The Experiences of Arthur Manuel