2. Please note: You only have to copy the slides that are numbered. But you should read all slides carefully.

3. Expansion of Education

4. Public School and Education Statistics 1870 –50% of white children attended free public schools –Only 2% of all 17-year-olds graduated from high school –Few states had mandatory attendance laws –Rural students attended only from November to April –20% of the population was illiterate

5. Public School and Education Statistics 1900 –31 states had passed laws requiring children between 8 – 14 years old to attend school –12% of Americans were illiterate 1910 –72% of American children attended school –8.6% of 17-year-olds graduated from high school –8% of Americans were illiterate

6. Higher Education Expands 1880-1900 More than 150 new colleges opened 1890-1910College enrollment more than doubled 1880’s-90’sMen’s colleges refused to admit female students, but sometimes established separate women’s colleges

7. Colleges for Women Usually funded by private donors (philanthropists) who wished give money to good causes. 1865Vassar College (New York) 1879Radcliffe College (MA) 1891Barnard (New York) 1891Pembroke (Rhode Island)

8. College & African Americans 1890Only 160 black students were attending white colleges 1891Only 30 black women in colleges 190034 African American colleges with over 2000 graduates

9. Booker T. Washington 1856 – 1915 Born into slavery Age 9 went to work in a salt furnace Age 16 worked as a janitor to pay his way through the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute Became a teacher 44

10. Booker T. Washington 44 continued 1881 became head of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, a new black normal school (a school for training teachers) Encouraged African Americans to focus on economic security and vocational skills – instead of political equality with whites 1901 wrote autobiography, Up From Slavery

11. Booker T. Washington

12. W.E.B. Du Bois Born in Massachusetts Graduated from Fisk University 1895 became first black man to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard Taught at Atlanta University until 1910 45

13. W.E.B. Du Bois 45 continued Rejected Washington’s views Encouraged blacks to seek an advanced education instead of vocational training and to seek political and social equality with whites 1905 helped found the Niagara Movement 1910 Became publications director for NAACP

14. W.E.B. Du Bois

15. Niagara Movement A group of African Americans that called for –Full civil liberties –An end to racial discrimination –The recognition of human brotherhood 46

18. Vaudeville Live theatrical performances. Variety shows with magic, music, comedy, and special performers like ventriloquists

20. Movies Motion pictures became popular after The Great Train Robbery in 1903. Nickelodeons—theaters that charged 5-cent admission— became immensely popular

21. Theater audience being entertained

22. Circus Began traveling the country by railroad in 1872. Live shows with acrobatics, animals and sideshows. Sometimes called the “Big Top.”

23. The Big Top

24. 1936 Circus

25. Amusement Parks Rides like the steeplechase, Ferris wheel and roller coasters led to the growth of amusement parks. Coney Island was perhaps the most famous from the era.

26. Ferris Wheel Chicago World’s Fair 1893

27. Coney Island New York

28. Sports Boxing, horseracing and baseball were the most popular. In the late 1800s football begins to grow in popularity also.

29. Reading As literacy increased, people began reading more for knowledge and entertainment –Newspapers –Magazines –comics

30. Yellow Journalism Reporting of sensational news to sell papers –Scandals –Vices –Murders –Foreign affairs 47

31. Discrimination Methods of keeping people of different races from obtaining political power or having equality.

32. LIFE DURING THE JIM CROW ERA This is one women’s story; stories like this happened all over the South. Many times this kind of event would lead to violence.

33. Voting Restrictions Methods of keeping African- Americans from exercising their right to vote 48

34. Poll Tax A tax charged before a person was allowed to vote Used to keep poor blacks from voting 49

35. Grandfather Clauses Exempted a person from the voting restrictions of poll taxes and literacy tests if their grandfather had voted This allowed poor illiterate whites to vote 50

36. Jim Crow Laws Southern laws that required segregation in all public establishments such as restaurants, theaters, parks Prevented inter-racial marriages 51

37. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court case that said blacks and whites could be required to use separate facilities as long as they were equal “Separate but equal” clause of the ruling made segregation legal nationwide Blacks were denied civil rights for another 70 years 52

38. Lynching The murdering of someone suspected or accused of a crime without a proper trial Usually refers to white violence against blacks by hanging or burning 53

39. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founded to end discrimination, oppose racism and gain civil rights for African-Americans through the court system Had black and white members Still in existence today 54