1. Unit 4: Speciation and Extinction 5 days

2. November 17 th : Trophic Levels

3. Food Chains

4. Food Webs

5. Herbivore Capybara Cattle Deer Antelope Elephant Panda Goat Gorilla Zebra Rhino Manatee Hippo Llama Rabbit Macaws Geese Toucan Hoatzin Iguana Caterpillar Grasshopper

6. Herbivore Toolkit Eyes on side of head Speed Height Groups Group birth Polymorphism Camouflage Stotting (gazelles) Highly developed senses Alarm signals Autotomy (limb dropping) Toxins

7. Plant Defenses

8. Types of Herbivory Frugivore = fruit Folivore = leaves Nectarivore = nectar Granivore = seeds Palynivore = pollen Mucivore = sap Xylophages = wood

9. Carnivore All cats Most dogs All weasels All cetaceans Most bats All bird of prey All vultures Many waterfowl All crocodilians All snakes Some lizards Some turtles Most frogs All sharks Most fish All spiders All jellyfish All centipedes Some mollusks Some crustaceans

10. Carnivore Toolkit Forward facing eyes Short digestive tract Claws Teeth

11. Omnivore Pig Human Bear Hedgehog Skunk Raccoon Squirrel Mice Chimps Chicken Raven Magpie Many lizards Many turtles Piranha Some ants

12. Why is Omnivory Beneficial?

13. Apex Predators

16. November 19 th : Evolutionary Arms Race Cheetah and Thompson’s Gazelle

17. Old World Swallowtail vs. Fringed Rue

18. Rough-Skinned Newt vs. Garter Snake

19. Great White Shark vs. Sea Turtle

20. Human vs. Tiger

21. The Red Queen Hypothesis

22. December 1 st : Speciation, Biodiversity, Hybridization, Convergence and Divergence

23. Anagenesis Whole population evolving

24. Cladogenesis One population branching

25. Artificial vs. Natural Selection

26. Genetic Variation Driven by mutations

27. Hybridization

29. Adaptive Radiation One species undergoes minor mutations and diverges into multiple species each slightly more suited to different habitats and lifestyles.

30. Darwinian Mantra Random mutation causes differentiated reproductive success, which leads to the spread of traits through populations, which leads to the overall evolution of a species.

31. Darwinian Mantra Not SURVIVAL of the fittest… Rather, REPRODUCTION of the fittest.

32. Darwinian Mantra Populations evolve. Species evolve. Individuals do NOT evolve.

33. Divergent Evolution When a species undergoes cladogenesis and breaks into different species, that each occupy a different ecological niche.

34. Convergent Evolution When two or more species that are distantly related genetically, but occupy similar ecologic niches, are shaped by nature to resemble each other.

35. Convergent Evolution

36. December 2 nd : Endangered Species

37. Least Concern

38. Near Threatened

39. Conservation Dependent

40. Vulnerable

41. Endangered

42. Critically Endangered

43. Extinct in the Wild Algoas Curassow – 1987 Pere David’s Deer – 2008 Scimitar Oryx – 2000 Wyoming Toad – 1991

44. Extinct Yangtze River Dolphin – 2006 Bubal Hartebeest – 1923 Dodo – 1700 Giant Sloth – 1500

45. December 3 rd : Mass Extinctions

46. The Big 5 Ordovician – Silurian 440 to 450 mya: 57% of genera died Late Devonian event 360 to 375 mya: 70% of all species Permian – Triassic event 251 mya: 83% of genera – “The Great Dying” – Largest – 96% of marine species went extinct – Made room for dinosaur dominance Triassic – Jurassic event 205 mya: 48% of genera – All large amphibians – Left no competition for dinosaurs Cretaceous – Tertiary 65 mya: 75% of all species – K-T boundary – Made room for mammal and bird dominance

47. What Causes Mass Extinction?

48. The Holocene Extinction

49. Extras Despotic Hierarchy One individual is dominant, all others are equally submissive. Humans Many primates Bees Fish Lions Seals Walrus Hyenas

50. Extras Linear Hierarchy Line of dominance in which each individual has its rank. Wolves Dogs Elephants Chickens Other birds Chimpanzee

51. Extras Patriarchy Deer Moose Antelope Gorillas Seals Walrus Humans (often)

52. Extras Matriarchy Bees Wasps Elephants Killer whales Hyenas Humans (rarely)

53. Extras Co-Dominance Wolves Other dogs Chickens Chimpanzees Many other primates Humans (often) Penguins Naked mole rat