1. Ancient Egypt Old Kingdom Initially buried corpse in shallow grave Temperature of surface in desert was 180 degrees. Flesh dried out but corruption of internal organs never occurred Jackals started to eat the corpse; solution was to build enclosure

2. How was the body preserved artificially? Four organs (lungs, liver, stomach, intestines) were preserved in jars, using natron (a natural salt). The brain was removed through nasal cavity (That was started during the New Kingdom.) The heart was left in the body. The body was packed in dry natron for 70 days, after which natron was removed. Body was wrapped in linen and readied for burial. Mastabas was the forerunners of the pyramids. Steppe pyramid was originally a mastaba.

4. Shaft and Subterranean Tomb

5. Four Separate Parts of Pyramid 1.Valley temple – mummification process sent through 2.Causeway 3.Pyramid temple- Priest was weak link and would allow thieves to get in and out.Pyramids were totally insecure 4.Tomb in pyramid – Entry was always on the North side of pyramid Pyramids of Giza

6. Work force had to have housing, clothing, food, water. There were approximately 10,000 day laborers. There were work gangs, mostly farmers and highly motivated. Specialists – Quarrymen. Stone came from quarry at the site. Pyramids were stripped of their outer limestone covering. Supplier of timbers Transport Chief Chief Architect Priests

8. New Kingdom – 1000 yrs. after Old Kingdom Created greater distance from possible invaders by moving capital to Thebes All temples had three rooms – sunlight (open court), dim light, total darkness (holy of holy where only pharaoh was allowed), and they were built on W to E axis Pharaohs buried in Valley of Kings 18 th Dynasty Amenhotep III ruled for 37 years (Tut’s grandfather) and was succeeded by his 2 nd son, Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)

9. A gold sheet on limestone was hammered as the cap stone of every pyramid. Approximately 2 million blocks of stone were used with the angle raise of 51 degrees, 50 minutes.

10. Akhenaten lived with Queen Nefertiti. They had 6 daughters. Akhenaten was Tut’s father, and his mother was the Akhenaten’s sister. Incent was not uncommon among ancient Egyptian royalty. King Tutankhaten married one of the daughters of Akhenaten and Nerfertiti. She reopened temples, returned to Thebes. Ten yrs. After ascending the throne, King Tut is dead without heirs.

11. Tuta Tut had a congenital clubfoot afflicted with bone disease, which would have made walking painful. Both his clubbed foot and bone disease would have impeded his ability to walk. In 2005 the unhealed fracture of of his leg was evaluated, and scholars had already noted that 130 partial or whole walking sticks had been found in Tut’s tomb, some of which show clear signs of use. Inbreeding may have caused the deformity and even prevented him from producing an heir with his wife, who was probably his half sister. DNA tests indicate that he was infected with malaria, which might have caused his death. Scholars conclude that his health was compromised from the moment he was conceived. His mother and father were full brother and sister, and married siblings are more likely to pass on twin copies of harmful genes, leaving their children vulnerable to a variety of genetic defects.