2. Blood Wang yang 1

3. INTRODUCTION Blood * circulating tissue within cardiovascular system (blood vessels) * a specialized form of CT * as a transporting medium * total volume ≈5.5 L ， 7% 2

4. INTRODUCTION Components of blood *Formed elements------blood cells (45%) *Intercellular substance------plasma (55%) Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets PH 7.3-7.4, H 2 O ( 90% ) contain: plasma protein(albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), lipidprotein, enzymes, hormone, vitamin, inorganic salt and products of metabolism 3

5. Centrifugation — plasma — leukocytes, platelets (buffy coat) —erythrocytes Blood with anticoagulant (heparin) 4

6. —Serum —Clotting Blood without anticoagulant *serum: is plasma in which the fibrinogen has been removed by clotting. 5

7. Blood smear: Wright or Giemsa staining methods 6

8. Cells 7

9. Erythrocyte : red blood cell * biconcave disc shape, providing greater surface area. * no nucleus and organelles * Hemoglobin ( Hb ) Blood smear SEM 8

10. * Number: Male: 4.2 ∼ 5.5×10 12 /L (Hb: 120 ∼ 150g/L) Female: 3.5 ∼ 5.0 × 10 12 /L (Hb: 105 ∼ 135g/L) *anemia: RBC <3.0X10 12 /L or Hb <100g/L * Size: 7.5 ∼ 8.5µm in diameter,1-2µm thick * lifespan of erythrocytes 120 days * Function of mature erythrocytes gas transporting: combine and transfer O 2 and CO 2 9

11. Deformability blood group: -membrane protein/antigen -ABO blood type: A,B,AB,O hemolysis→erythrocyte ghost 10

12. Wright S Brilliant cresyl blue S 11

13. Reticulocyte * not fully mature/immature erythrocytes * make up 0.5  1% of total erythrocyte population in adult or 3-6% in neonate * no nucleus, cannot differentiate from erythrocyte in Wright staining * remained ribosome-delicate network structure when stained with brilliant cresyl blue (remaining hemoglobin synthesis) * Become mature after 1-3 days in blood, ribosome disappear * Clinic significance 12

14. Leukocytes--white blood cell 13

15. General characteristic * spherical shape * posses nuclei * present organelles * a total number less than that of erythrocytes （ 4 ∼ 9 × 10 9 /L ） * exhibiting amoeboid movement (in tissue) * involving in body defenses and immunity 14

16. Classification *Granular leukocytes （ polymorphonuclear) neutrophils 50  70% eosinophils 0.5  3% basophils 0  1% *Agranular leukocytes (mononuclear) lymphocytes 25  30% monocytes 3  8% 15

17. Neutrophil -normal percentage: 60-70% of total leukocyte population LM: Size : 12  15 µm (diameter) nucleus ： band-like or polymorphous band-like 2-3 lobes 4-5 lobes young old cytoplasm ： fine neutrophilic granules---pink cytoplasm 16

18. neutrophil （ nucleus shape: from band-form to 5 lobes ） 17

19. Blood smear: neutrophils Lobulated nuclei Band-like nucleus neutrophilic granules, Characeristics: * fine, uniform * evenly distributed * pink staining 18

20. EM: specific granule: 80% small, 0.3-0.4 µm ovoid or irregular in shape contain: lysozyme, phagocytin (defensin) azurophilic granule: 20% large, round or ovoid, 0.6-0.7 µm electron dense lysosome: acid phosphatase, peroxidase, acidic hydrolase 19

21. EM picture of neutrophil （ ↑ specific granule △ azurophilic granule ） 20

22. ---Function: phagocytose bacterium: specific g.-kill B azurophilic g.- digest B ---Life span: in blood 6-7 hours, in CT 1-4 days 21

23. Eosinophils -normal percentage: 2-4% of total leukocyte population LM: Size: 10  15 µm (diameter) nucleus ： usually bilobed nucleus cytoplasm ： eosinophilic granules Characteristic of eosinophilic grandules: * strong eosinophilia (turkey/cardinal red) * coarse and refractile * uniform size and evenly distributed 22

24. ---Function: counteract the infection of parasite reduce allergic reaction (histaminase) ---life span: in blood 6-8 hour, in CT 8-12 days 23

25. Basophil -normal percentage: 0-1% of total leukocyte population LM: Size: 12  15 µm (diameter) nucleus: lobulated; S or irregular; obscured outline: covered by granules cytoplasm: basophilic granules Characteristic of basophilic grandules * variable size * uneven distribution * strong basophilic 24

26. Basophil (EM) Basophilic granules contain: * heparin * histamine Cytoplasm: * leukotriene nucleus ---Function: anticoagulation, involve in allergic reaction ---Life span: 10-15 days 25

27. Function of granular leukocytes neutrophils: * ameboid movement; * chemotaxis; * phagocytosis. eosinophils: ruffled membrane movement/ chemetaxis/phagocytosis ； anti-parasite ； anti-allergy basophils: * anticoagulation: secret heparin * involving in allergic response: histamine/leukotriene 26

28. Monocyte -normal percentage: 3-8% of total leukocyte population LM: Size: 14  20 µm (diameter)-largest blood cell nucleus ： large, light staining, eccentrically placed appear as ovoid, kidney-shape or horse-shoe-shape cytoplasm ： gray-blue staining, weak basophilia 27

29. ---Function: actively mobile and chemotaxis ---Life span: in blood 1-5 days, in CT which become into macrophage--(mononuclear phagocytic system, MPS) 28

30. Lymphocyte -normal percentage: 20-30% of total leukocyte population LM: Size: 6  20 µm (diameter), small/medium/large nucleus ： a round, densely stained nucleus cytoplasm: a relatively small amount of pale basophilic cytoplasm 29

31. Blood smear mediun lymphocyte （ left ） small lymphocyte （ right ） 30

32. Lymphocyte * a large number of free ribosomes, accounting for the basophilia in LM * a few mitochondria, and other organelles are not rich. * exhibiting small cytoplasmic projections in the surface of cells. (EM skematic drawing ） nucleus 31

33. ---Classification: TC: thymus dependent lymphocyte, 75%, involve in cellular immune reaction and regulate immune response BC: bone marrow dependent lymphocyte, 10-15%, become into plasma cell, involve in humoral immune response large granular cell: KC (killer cell) and NKC( nature killer cell), 10% ---Function: involve in immune response ---Life span: vary, a few days to many years Lymphocyte 32

34. Slides review 33

35. 34

36. Summary table. Erythrocytes & leukocytes Erythrocyte(mature) Leukocyte Number Size Shape Nucleus Organelle HB Granules Function Lifespan biconcave discsphere － + 7.5 µm10-20 µm 3.5 ∼ 5.5 trillion/L 4-9 billion/L + － － + － + transport O2,CO2 body defenses and immunity 120d a few days 35

37. 3) blood platelet (thrombocyte) cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocyte in bone marrow ---number: 100-300X10 9 /L ---structure: LM: disc-liked, 2-4 µm irregular in shape Stimulation appear in clumps 36

38. ---Function: involve in clotting and stop bleeding: --aggregation—form clot --release inclusion of granule, make thrombinogen become thrombin, then later make fibrinogen become fibrin. protecting endothelium and take part in repairing of endothelium --- Life span: 10days 37

39. Review of chapter 5 1.Components of blood 2.Types of blood cells 3.LM structures of blood cells 4.Function of blood cells 38

40. Practice 1.Which of the four basic tissue types does blood belong to? a. Epithelium b. Connective tissue c. Muscle d. Nervous tissue e. Blood √ 39

41. 2.Approximately what percentage of the volume of blood do the formed elements comprise? a. 5 b. 25 c. 45 d. 75 e. 90 √ 40

42. 3.Which of the following is the most abundant in a peripheral smear of blood? a. Neutrophils b. Basophils c. Erythrocytes d. Leukocytes e. Platelets √ 41

43. 4.Which of the following formed elements do not contain a nucleus? a. Platelets b. Erythrocytes c. Leukocytes d. Monocytes e. Both a and b √ 42

44. 5.What comes from a megakaryocyte? a. Lymphocytes b. Basophils c. Erythrocytes d. Monocytes e. Platelets √ 43

45. 6. Which of the following is a granulocyte? a. Thrombocyte b. Lymphocyte c. Eosinophil d. Monocyte e. Erythrocyte √ 44

46. 7. Which leukocyte has a multi-lobed (3-5 lobes) nucleus? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils √ 45

47. 8. Which leukocyte usually has a bi-lobed nucleus? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils √ 46

48. 9. Which of the following is not considered a "formed element"? a. Plasma b. Erythrocytes c. Platelets d. Leukocytes e. Red blood cells √ 47

49. 10. Which is the largest leukocyte? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils √ 48

50. 11. Which leukocyte has orange-pink granules? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils √ 49

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