1. Warm Up 1) Earth’s four major spheres are the ____. a.hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere b.hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere c.hydrosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere d.hydrosphere, geosphere, lithosphere, and asthenosphere 2) Which of Earth’s spheres includes the oceans, groundwater, lakes, and glaciers? a.the atmospherec. the biosphere b.the hydrosphered. the geosphere 3) The theory of plate tectonics helps scientists explain ____. a.how ocean currents move over Earth’s surface b.why hurricanes occur c.how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur d.why Earth’s core is less dense than the mantle Answers: 1) a. 2) b. 3) c.

2. Representing Earth’s Surface Chapter 1, Section 3

3. Determining Location Latitude – the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees Latitude – the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees Longitude – the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees Longitude – the distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees Lines of latitude and longitude form a global grid; allowing us to state the absolute location of any place on Earth Lines of latitude and longitude form a global grid; allowing us to state the absolute location of any place on Earth The equator divides Earth in two; each half is called a hemisphere (northern and southern) The equator divides Earth in two; each half is called a hemisphere (northern and southern) The prime meridian and the 180º meridian divide Earth into eastern and western hemispheres The prime meridian and the 180º meridian divide Earth into eastern and western hemispheres

4. Global Grid

5. Locating Places Using the Grid

6. Concept Check How does the global grid divide Earth? How does the global grid divide Earth? Into hemispheres Into hemispheres

7. Maps and Mapping No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place; mapmakers have, however, found ways to limit the distortion of shape, size, and distance No matter what kind of map is made, some portion of the surface will always look either too small, too big, or out of place; mapmakers have, however, found ways to limit the distortion of shape, size, and distance The Mercator projection is used by many seagoing navigators, as it uses lines of longitude that are parallel, making the map rectangular The Mercator projection is used by many seagoing navigators, as it uses lines of longitude that are parallel, making the map rectangular The Robinson projection shows most distances, sizes, and shapes accurately, but is distorted around the edges The Robinson projection shows most distances, sizes, and shapes accurately, but is distorted around the edges Conic projections are used to make a map of a smaller area Conic projections are used to make a map of a smaller area Gnomonic projections are used by sailors and navigators for short distances Gnomonic projections are used by sailors and navigators for short distances

8. Projections

9. Concept Check What major problem must mapmakers overcome? What major problem must mapmakers overcome? Representing round Earth on a flat paper causes distortion in shape, size, and distance Representing round Earth on a flat paper causes distortion in shape, size, and distance

10. Topographic Maps Topographic Map – a map that represents Earth’s surface in three dimensions; it shows elevation, distance, directions, and slope angles Topographic Map – a map that represents Earth’s surface in three dimensions; it shows elevation, distance, directions, and slope angles Topographic maps show elevation of Earth’s surface by means of contour lines Topographic maps show elevation of Earth’s surface by means of contour lines Contour Line – line on a topographic map that indicates an elevation; every point along a contour line has the same elevation Contour Line – line on a topographic map that indicates an elevation; every point along a contour line has the same elevation Contour Interval – on a topographic map, tells the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines Contour Interval – on a topographic map, tells the distance in elevation between adjacent contour lines A map is drawn to scale, where a certain distance on the map is equal to a certain distance on the surface A map is drawn to scale, where a certain distance on the map is equal to a certain distance on the surface

11. Contour Lines

12. Concept Check How do topographic maps indicate changes in elevation? How do topographic maps indicate changes in elevation? Contour lines, lines close together indicate a steeper slope Contour lines, lines close together indicate a steeper slope

13. Geologic Map A map that shows the type and age of the rocks that are exposed, or crop out, at the surface is called a geologic map

14. Advanced Technology Today’s technology provides us with the ability to more precisely analyze Earth’s physical properties Today’s technology provides us with the ability to more precisely analyze Earth’s physical properties Scientists now use satellites and computers to send and receive data, which are then converted into usable forms such as pictures and numerical summaries Scientists now use satellites and computers to send and receive data, which are then converted into usable forms such as pictures and numerical summaries The process of collecting data about Earth from a distance, such as from orbiting satellites, is called remote sensing The process of collecting data about Earth from a distance, such as from orbiting satellites, is called remote sensing We can use this technology in our daily lives too; many newer cars use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to provide maps to different destinations We can use this technology in our daily lives too; many newer cars use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to provide maps to different destinations

16. Concept Check What types of advanced technology are used in mapmaking today? What types of advanced technology are used in mapmaking today? Satellites, computers, GPS, sonar, high-powered telescopes, etc. Satellites, computers, GPS, sonar, high-powered telescopes, etc.

17. Assignment Read Chapter 1, Section 3 (pg. 11-17) Read Chapter 1, Section 3 (pg. 11-17) Do Chapter 1 Assessment #1-36 (pg. 29-30) Do Chapter 1 Assessment #1-36 (pg. 29-30) For Section 3: Do #’s 4-7,10,14-16,27-33,35 For Section 3: Do #’s 4-7,10,14-16,27-33,35