1. Please take notes!

2. Phylum Chordata Contains ALL fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Contains ALL fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals ALL chordates have a notochord; notochord becomes the backbone ALL chordates have a notochord; notochord becomes the backbone

3. CHARACTERISTICS Aquatic Aquatic Paired Fins Paired Fins Gills, Scales Gills, Scales EVOLUTION OF FISHES 1st Fish were jawless 1st Fish were jawless Jaws & Paired fins improved swimming and feeding Jaws & Paired fins improved swimming and feeding Cartilage Skeletons Cartilage Skeletons Bony Skeletons (Modern Fish) Bony Skeletons (Modern Fish)

4. FORM & FUNCTION Feeding Feeding Heterotrophs (carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores, parasitic) Heterotrophs (carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores, parasitic) Respiration Respiration Gills and Gill Covering (operculum) Gills and Gill Covering (operculum) Lungfishes (air-breathers) Lungfishes (air-breathers) Circulation Circulation Closed Circulatory System, Single Loop Closed Circulatory System, Single Loop Atrium --Ventricle -- Gills -- Body -- Back to Atrium Atrium --Ventricle -- Gills -- Body -- Back to Atrium

6. Excretion Excretion - Salt water fish tend to lose water - Fresh water fish tend to gain water - Homeostasis maintained by the kidneys - Salt water fish tend to lose water - Fresh water fish tend to gain water - Homeostasis maintained by the kidneys Response Response - Cerebrum - thinking, voluntary activities - Cerebellum - coordination - Medulla Oblongata - functions of internal organs - Lateral Line System - senses vibrations - Cerebrum - thinking, voluntary activities - Cerebellum - coordination - Medulla Oblongata - functions of internal organs - Lateral Line System - senses vibrations Movement Movement - Paired Fins - Swim Bladder - buoyancy - Paired Fins - Swim Bladder - buoyancy

7. Reproduction Oviparous (lays eggs) Oviparous (lays eggs) Ovoviviparous (eggs stay in mom) Ovoviviparous (eggs stay in mom) Viviparous (babies get nourishment from mom. Ex. Humans, cats, some fish) Viviparous (babies get nourishment from mom. Ex. Humans, cats, some fish)

8. 3 Classes of Fish Class Myxini: “Jawless Fish” Class Myxini: “Jawless Fish” EX: hagfish and lampreys EX: hagfish and lampreys Class Chondrichthyes: “Cartilaginous fish” Class Chondrichthyes: “Cartilaginous fish” EX: sharks, rays, chimaeras EX: sharks, rays, chimaeras Class Osteichthyes: “Bony Fish” Class Osteichthyes: “Bony Fish”

9. Class Myxini Hagfish and Lampreys Hagfish and Lampreys Lack jaws and paired appendages Lack jaws and paired appendages They are scavengers (eat dead organisms) They are scavengers (eat dead organisms) Tie themselves into a knot to full flesh of prey Tie themselves into a knot to full flesh of prey Lamprey’s oral disk Hagfish knot Lamprey Hagfish

10. Class: Chondrichthyes Means “cartilaginous fish” Means “cartilaginous fish” Skeleton composed entirely of cartilage Skeleton composed entirely of cartilage Contains ALL sharks, stingrays, skates, and chimaeras Contains ALL sharks, stingrays, skates, and chimaeras Characteristics: jaws, paired fins, skin covered w/ placoid scales Characteristics: jaws, paired fins, skin covered w/ placoid scales Placoid scale: teeth-like scales, feels like sandpaper Placoid scale: teeth-like scales, feels like sandpaper

11. 2 Subclasses Elasmobranchs: sharks, skates and rays Elasmobranchs: sharks, skates and rays Holocephalans: chimaeras (ratfish) Holocephalans: chimaeras (ratfish) Sandtiger TigerManta Ray Chimaera Blue Spotted Stingray Whale shark World’s Largest Fish

12. Class Osteichthyes Means “bony fish” Means “bony fish” About 25,000 species of bony fish About 25,000 species of bony fish Characteristics: swim bladder, bony scales, and fin rays Characteristics: swim bladder, bony scales, and fin rays 2 sub-classes of fish 2 sub-classes of fish Sarcopterygii: Lobefin fish Sarcopterygii: Lobefin fish Actinopterygii: Ray-finned fish Actinopterygii: Ray-finned fish

13. Sub-class: Sarcopterygii Lobefin Fish; have round fleshy-lobes Lobefin Fish; have round fleshy-lobes EX: Coelacanth and Lungfish EX: Coelacanth and Lungfish Coelacanth: is over 400 million years old Coelacanth: is over 400 million years old Thought to be extinct; found in 1938 Thought to be extinct; found in 1938 Lungfish: Lives in Africa & South America Lungfish: Lives in Africa & South America Has gills and a lung Has gills and a lung Lungfish gave rise to land vertebrates Lungfish gave rise to land vertebrates Can live out of water for short time periods Can live out of water for short time periods Coelacanth Lungfish

14. Sub-class: Actinopterygii Ray-finned fish; most numerous group Ray-finned fish; most numerous group Fusiform body shape: stream-lined allows fish to move through watch w/ great efficiency Fusiform body shape: stream-lined allows fish to move through watch w/ great efficiency 3-types of scales 3-types of scales Ganoid: Thick bony scales that don’t overlap Ganoid: Thick bony scales that don’t overlap Cycloid: Thin, smooth overlapping scales Cycloid: Thin, smooth overlapping scales Ctenoid: Thin, spiny overlapping scales Ctenoid: Thin, spiny overlapping scales Lookdown Perch

17. Anatomy of a Fish

18. Fins Dorsal fin: on the top of fish used for stability Dorsal fin: on the top of fish used for stability Caudal fin: tail fin used for locomotion & stability Caudal fin: tail fin used for locomotion & stability Anal fin: bottom of fish used for stability Anal fin: bottom of fish used for stability Pectoral fin: used for steering Pectoral fin: used for steering Pelvic fin: Used for steering Pelvic fin: Used for steering

19. Functions Bony fish are Oviparious: (reproduce by laying eggs) Bony fish are Oviparious: (reproduce by laying eggs) Swim bladder: gas-filled sac used to maintain buoyancy Swim bladder: gas-filled sac used to maintain buoyancy Fish have a CLOSED cardiovascular system Fish have a CLOSED cardiovascular system Lateral line system: canals on the side of the fish used to detect movement in the water Lateral line system: canals on the side of the fish used to detect movement in the water

20. Coloration Chromatophore: specialized cells that contain pigments Chromatophore: specialized cells that contain pigments Iridophore: crystals that produces a mirror- like silver color Iridophore: crystals that produces a mirror- like silver color Countershading: camouflage where top of fish is dark, and bottom of fish is light, used to blend into the ocean Countershading: camouflage where top of fish is dark, and bottom of fish is light, used to blend into the ocean Iridophore Countershading