1. Indians Confront a New Empire At the Peace of Paris in 1763, more American territory changed hands than any other treaty before or since Indians who had traded and allied with the French now had to deal with the British Tribes in the Great Lakes and the Ohio valley regions rallied against the British – Pontiac’s War (1763-66) Regulating the frontier

2. At the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which ended the Seven Years’ War, France ceded its North American territorial claims to Britain. France had already ceded its lands west of the Mississippi to Spain to keep them out of British hands Proclamation Line of 1763

3. “Massacre of the Indians at Lancaster by the Paxton Boys in 1763”

4. Indians in the American Revolution Indians during the Revolution were fighting for their freedom as much as Americans were Americans portrayed Indians as enemies of freedom Indian loyalties were divided throughout the war After the war, many such as the Iroquois relocated north to Canada

5. Joseph Brant (c. 1797) by Charles Willson Peale The Mohawk Joseph Brant (1743- 1807) was probably the most famous Indian of his day Educated in a colonial school in Connecticut, he was bilingual and literate assisted in translating the gospel into Mohawk Visited England twice, his sister married an Englishman named Sir William Johnson He became a war leader on the British side during the Revolution, and after the Revolution continued to play a pivotal role in relations between northeastern Indians, the British, and the United States

6. Treaties of Peace and Conquest Treaty of Paris (1873) – British recognized the independence of the United States & ceded territories yet failed to recognize Native Americans Like Britain, the new United States preferred to achieve its goals by treaty rather than war and obtain Indian land by purchase U.S. Commissioners and the Six Nations meeting at Fort Stanwix, New York 1784

7. Twenty years after the treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War, another Treaty of Paris ended the War of American Independence, and Britain ceded territory east of the Mississippi, south of the Great Lakes, and north of Florida to the new United States

8. This scene from a mural by Ezra Winter demonstrates George Rogers Clark, a military officer during the American Revolution, meeting with Indians in Cahokia in which he said to them while carrying a wampum belt “I carry in my Right hand war and Peace in my left”

9. United States Treaties and Indian Land Cessions to 1810 Treaties, by which Indian nations sold lands or ceded them in return for peace, became major instruments in the United States’ policy of national expansion

10. U.S. Indian Land Policy The United States’ focus was building an empire of its own, “an empire of liberty” Who qualified as citizens of the United States? The War Department assumed responsibility for Indian affairs Indian Trade and Intercourse Act (1790) Indians fought back and challenged the policies created Treaty of Greenville (1795)

11. Americans used various forms of propaganda to gain support for their national policies regarding Indian rights and land ownership This painting depicts the alleged murder of a European woman by the Indian allies of a British general – reflected and fueled popular stereotypes and fears about the victimization of innocent Americans by cruel Indian warriors The Death of Jane McCrea (1804) by John Vanderlyn

12. The Treaty of Greenville, August 1795 as depicted by an artist who may have been a member of Wayne’s staff The painting depicts the Miami chief Little Turtle addressing Wayne and his officers, while a scribe takes notes on bended knee