1. Wednesday, April 6 Directions: Please send one person from your group to find your city! Referencing your city, answer the following questions on the back of your paper --- Think about yesterday’s simulation: From 1700 to 1850, the landscape of Europe completely changed! Describe those changes! What did the landscape look like in 1700 and in 1850? What events occurred that allowed these changes to take place? Describe any problems you had while developing your city. What would you do differently if you had the chance to do this over again? You are the mayor of your city – identify & describe one issue you are going to have to deal with.

3. First proposed by Walter Christaller in the 1930s! Designed to explain the exchange of goods and services in market areas (central places). Terms you should know: Threshold: the minimum number of people needed to support a service. Range: average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service. Hinterland: The area surrounding a service from which other customers are attracted. Central Place Theory

4. Five Assumptions 1.All areas were flat and had no barriers. 2.Soil fertility was universal. 3.Purchasing power was distributed equally. 4.Uniform transportation network 5.Constant distance from sale extends in all directions from the market center.

5. Central Place Functions Categories of like services found in a central place Grocery Stores Gas Stations Jewelry Stores Book Stores Hair Stylists Auto Dealerships Houses of Worship Schools Doctors Dentists Museums Concert Halls

6. Threshold & Range Important to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and range. A large number of people are required to support a hospital, university or department store than a gas station or grocery store! People are willing to travel further distances to consult a heart specialist or purchase a car than to buy a loaf of bread or mail a letter.

7. Would you travel farther to buy a new car or the week’s groceries? To buy a new car Would you travel farther to go to elementary school or to go to high school? Would you travel farther to see your family physician or a heart specialist? To see a heart specialist To go to high school

8. MegalopolisCityTownVillageHamlet Multiple cities that have grown together. LARGE HINTERLANDS Example: Bosnywash Boston, NY, Phili, Baltimore, Wash Well defined central business districts Suburbs with their own economic activity. Large hinterlands Contains more specialized services such as hospitals and post offices. Contains a hinterland Several dozen services that are more specialized. Small cluster of houses with a few basic services. Ie. Post office, service station, or café! Hierarchy of Services Because of the range of central goods and services, cities (central places) are arranged in an orderly hierarchy!

9. A Hierarchy of Educational Services Hamlet: No Schools Village: Elementary School Town: High School City: College

10. Stock Exchange Sports Stadium Regional Shopping Mall Major Department Store Income Tax Service Convenience Store Gas Station

11. (a)Circles are equidistant from center to edge, but they overlap or leave gaps. (b)Squares nest together without gaps, but their sides are not equidistant from the center. (c)Geographers use hexagons to depict the market area of a good or service, because hexagons offer a compromise between the geometric properties of circles and squares. Central Place Theory

13. Supermarket and Convenience Store Market Areas Fig. 12-8: Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.