1. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING VI SEM

2.  Transportation contributes industrial, social, economic & cultural development. It is vital for the economic development from any region for every commodity. Development of transportation facilities in rural centers, urge of migration to urban centers decreasing day by day and also helping in balance development. There are two major factors for economic activity: a. Production or supply. b. Consumption for human wants or demand.  Social Effects of Transportation Population have always settled along the river shores, road sides and near railway stations. In this present concept ribbon development has been discouraged.

3. Attempts are made to decentralize the population centers from the side of the main transportation routes. To avoid congestion populated areas and & industrial enterprise are developing These areas and satellite towns are introduced with rapid transit systems. Social effects of transportation: Sectionalism and transportation Concentration of population into urban area Aspect of safety, law and order  Advantages of transportation: 1. Advancement 2. Essential for economic prosperity & development of the country. 3. Essential during emergency for defence of the country to maintain the law & order.

4.  Role of transportation in Rural Development: 75% of the population living in the villages. Improvement in transportation facilities, would lead to develop the rural areas faster. The fertilizers & other inputs for agriculture can be sold at the nearest marketing centers resulting in faster economic growth & decreased wastage. With improved facilities for education, health care & other social needs in the villages helps rural people to avoid migration to urban centers for the advance development of the country.  Different modes of Transportation: a. Roadways or Highways b. Railways c. Waterways d. Airways

5. Characteristics of road transport: a. Roads are used by various types of road vehicles like passenger cars, buses, trucks etc. b. It requires a small investment for the government. Construction & maintenance of road is cheaper than other modes. c. Road transport offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to another & also flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed & timings are not available in other modes. d. Road transport saves time. e. Speed of movement is directly related with the severity of accident. The road safety decreases with increasing dispersion of speed. Road transport is subjected to severity of high degree of accidents due to flexibility movements. f. Road transport is the only means of transport that offers itself to the whole community.