1. History 102SY The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present

2. Woodrow Wilson and the Breakup of the Ottoman Empire

3. To get on the course wait list, go to: waitlist.ucsb.edu You have until 11:59 pm on Friday, April 6

6. Woodrow Wilson and the Breakup of the Ottoman Empire

7. At start of 20th century—US govt had no real interest in political situation in Middle East Still mostly heeding President George Washington’s warning against involvement in Old World politics George Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796

8. Situation in Middle East around 1900

9. US govt mainly concerned with protecting lives and property of Americans living and traveling in ME, especially Protestant missionaries Sarah and Eli Smith Members of Syrian Protestant College (later American University of Beirut)

10. Main causes of World War I: Decline of Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires

12. Main causes of World War I: Decline of Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires

13. Germany, Austria, and Italy vs. Britain, France, and Russia Main causes of World War I: Unstable and dangerous alliance system

14. August 1914—Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo ignited World War I

15. Triggering of alliances: Austria and Germany vs. Serbia, Russia, France, and Britain

16. Devastating impact of World War I on Middle East

17. US missionary relief efforts

18. Three issues drawing US into Middle East during WWI: 1) Armenian issue 2) Zionist issue 3) Imperialist issue

19. Armenian Issue During WWI some Armenian activists (esp. Dashnaks) allied with Russia against Turkey Dashnaks

20. Armenian Issue Turkey retaliated against Armenians as a whole, rounding them up and deporting them from eastern Turkey to interior; up to 1.5 million Armenians died

21. Armenian Issue American missionary groups, in ME and US, played key role in dispensing aid and raising money for relief

22. Zionist Issue For centuries, Palestine had been under control of Ottoman Empire

23. Zionist Issue Late 19th century—European Jews, inspired by Theodor Herzl, began settling in Palestine in pursuit of Zionist program Theodor Herzl

24. In Hussein-McMahon correspondence of 1915, Britain implied that Palestine would be part of Arab state after war During WWI Britain gave conflicting pledges to Arabs and Zionists: Henry McMahon Sharif Hussein of Mecca

25. 1916—Sherif Hussein launched “Arab Revolt” against Ottoman Empire During WWI Britain gave conflicting pledges to Arabs and Zionists:

26. 1917—Arab forces led by Faisal, Hussein’s son, captured Damascus, Syria During WWI Britain gave conflicting pledges to Arabs and Zionists:

27. 1917—Arab forces led by Faisal, Hussein’s son, captured Damascus, Syria During WWI Britain gave conflicting pledges to Arabs and Zionists:

28. Arthur Balfour Chaim Weizmann 1917—Chaim Weizmann elicited letter from Arthur Balfour pledging British support for “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration) During WWI Britain gave conflicting pledges to Arabs and Zionists:

29. Balfour Declaration, 1917 During WWI Britain gave conflicting pledges to Arabs and Zionists:

30. Balfour Declaration, 1917 “His Majesty’s government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”

31. Woodrow Wilson Louis Brandeis Influenced by Louis Brandeis, Woodrow Wilson endorsed Balfour Declaration, even though it appeared to contradict principle of national self- determination During WWI Britain gave conflicting pledges to Arabs and Zionists:

32. Imperialist Issue November 1917—Bolsheviks seized power in Russia

33. Late 1917—Bolsheviks exposed Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 Imperialist Issue Mark SykesFrançois Georges- Picot

34. January 1918—Wilson issued Fourteen Points; Point Twelve called for breakup of Ottoman Empire and “autonomous development” of Empire’s non- Turkish components Imperialist Issue

35. November 1918—Germany, Austria, and Turkey were defeated With dissolution of Ottoman Empire, US now faced same three issues as during war: imperialist issue, Zionist issue, and Armenian issue

36. Henry King King-Crane Commission concluded that 1) Syrian population was adamantly opposed to French mandate in Syria and 2) Zionist program should not be implemented Charles Crane Imperialism and Zionism

37. But Wilson was in no position to heed King- Crane recommendations

38. 1920—At Treaty of San Remo France got single mandate over Syria and Lebanon; Britain got separate mandates over Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine

39. Sykes-Picot and San Remo 1916 1920

40. 1920—Faisal’s brief reign

41. 1919-1920—Britain and France urged US to assume mandates over Constantinople and Turkish Straits and over newly proclaimed Armenian republic Armenian issue

42. Neither idea came to fruition Armenian issue

43. 1920—Turkish forces crushed Armenian republic, whose territory was reabsorbed by Turkey and Soviet Union

44. 1923—In Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey, led by Mustafa Kemal, regained sovereignty over Straits Mustafa Kamal

45. 1922—British and French mandates formally established in Middle East Faisal Abdullah

46. 1919—US Senate debated Treaty of Versailles

47. Objections to Article X Joseph M. McCormick

48. Objections to Article X Joseph M. McCormick

49. Hiram Johnson Objections to Article X