1. Chapter 9 Leadership Managers versus leaders Trait theories of leadership Behavioral theories of leadership Contingency theories of leadership Contemporary leadership issues

2. Leaders are people who are able to influence others and who possess managerial authority.

3. Trait Theories of Leadership Trait theories of leadership search for traits or characteristics that differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

4. Six Traits That Differentiate Leaders From nonleaders Drive Desire to lead Honesty and integrity Self-confidence Intelligence Job-relevant knowledge

5. Behavioral Theories of Leadership The styles of leadership Two independent dimensions of leader behaviors Managerial grid

6. The Styles of Leadership Autocratic style of leadership Democratic style of leadership Laissez-faire style of leadership

7. Autocratic style of leadership : The term used to describe a leader who centralizes authority, dictates work method, makes unilateral decisions, and limits employee participation.

8. Democratic style of leadership: The term used to describe a leader who involves employees in decision making delegates authority, encourages participation in deciding work methods and goals, and uses feedback to coach employees. This style can be further classified in two ways: consultative and participative

9. Laissez-faire style of leadership: The term used to describe a leader who gives employees complete freedom to make decisions and to decide on work method.

10. Two Dimensions of Leader Behaviors Ohio state university ’ s research: Initiating structure: the extent to which a leader defines and structures his or her role and the roles of employees to attain goals. Consideration: the extent to which a leader has job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees ’ ideas, and regard for their feelings.

11. University of Michigan ’ s research: Employee oriented: leaders emphasize interpersonal relations, take a personal interest in the needs of employees, and accept individual difference. Production oriented: leaders emphasize the technical or task aspects of a job, are concerned mainly with accomplishing tasks, and regards group members as a means to accomplishing goals.

12. 123456789 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Concern for production Concern for people Exhibit 9-1 the Managerial Grid 1,9 country club management 1,1 impoverished management 9,1 task management 9,9 team management 5,5 middle of the road management

13. Contingency Theories of Leadership Fiedler model Path-goal theory Situational leadership

14. LPC(least-preferred coworker questionnaire) This is a questionnaire that measures whether a person is task or relationship oriented. Three situational factors Matching the leader ’ s style with the situations

15. Leader-member relations: The degree of confidence, trust, and respect subordinates have in their leader. Task structure: The degree to which the job assignments of subordinates are structured or unstructured. Position power: The degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increase.

16. Exhibit 9-2 the Findings of Fiedler Model ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥⅦⅧ Good Poor High Low High Low StrongWeakStrongWeakStrongWeakStrongWeak Performance Good Poor FavorableModerateUnfavorable Task-oriented Relationship-oriented Category Leader-member relations Task structure Position power

17. Exhibit 9-3 Path-goal Theory Leader behavior Directive Supportive Participative Achievement oriented Outcomes Performance Satisfaction Environmental contingency factors Task structure Formal authority system Work group Employee contingency factors Locus of control Experience Perceived ability

18. Exhibit 9-4 Situational Leadership Model High Relationship behavior Task behavior HighLow R4R3R2R1 Able and willing Able and unwilling Unable and willing Unable and unwilling HighLow Moderate Follower readiness S4S1 S2S3 Telling Selling Participating Delegating S1: high task and low relationship S2: high task and high relationship S3: high relationship and low task S4: low relationship and low task Readiness refers to the extend which people have the ability and the willingness to accomplish a specific task

19. Exhibit 9-5 Team Leadership Effective Team leadership Roles Coaches Liaisons with External constituents Conflict managersTroubleshooters