2. Characteristics of Reptiles  Live on land 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29  Characteristics that allow reptiles to succeed on land include a shelled egg, scaly skin, and more efficient circulatory and respiratory systems.

3.  The leathery shell protects the internal fluids and embryo. Amniotic Eggs  The amnion is a membrane that surrounds a developing embryo. 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds  An amniotic egg is covered with a protective shell and has several internal membranes. Chapter 29

5. Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

6. Dry, Scaly Skin  Keeps reptiles from dehydrating 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

7. Respiration  Reptiles depend on lungs for gas exchange 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds  A reptile’s lungs have a large surface area  With more oxygen, more energy can be released for more complex movements  No diffusion through skin Chapter 29

9. Circulation Double-looped system Almost have a 4 chambered heart –Two atria, one ventricle Some Reptiles have a 4 chambered heart

10. Circulation  Oxygen from the lungs enters into the circulatory system. 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

11. Feeding and Digestion  Most reptiles are carnivores, but some are herbivores. 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

12. Excretion  Kidneys filter the blood to remove waste products.  Reptiles that live mainly in water:  Nitrogenous waste is excreted as ammonia  Reptiles that live on land:  Nitrogenous waste is excreted as uric acid 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

13. The Brain and Senses  Brain: larger cerebrum and cerebellum  Vision is the main sense in most reptiles. 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

14.  Some reptiles have tympanic membranes and others detect vibrations through their jaw bones. In snakes, Jacobson’s organs in the mouth are used to sense odors.

16. Temperature Control  Reptiles are ectotherms (cold blooded): regulate their body temperatures by basking in the sun for warmth or burrowing in the ground to cool off. 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

17. Movement  Stronger and larger than amphibians  Adapted for different environments  Swimming, burrowing, climbing 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

18. Reproduction  Internal fertilization 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds  After fertilization, the egg develops to form the new embryo and an amniotic egg  Eggs are buried and the sun incubates them  Most females leave them alone to hatch Chapter 29

20. 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

21. Lizards and Snakes 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds  Lizards have legs with clawed toes. Chapter 29  Lizards usually have moveable eyelids  External ears

22. Turtles 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds  A protective shell encases a turtle’s body.  Backbone is fused to shell  No real teeth  Many turtles can pull their head and legs inside their shells for protection from predators. Chapter 29

23. Crocodiles and Alligators 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds  Crocodilians have a four-chambered heart which delivers oxygen more efficiently.  Crocodiles have a long snout  Alligators generally have a broader snout than crocodiles. Chapter 29

25. Tuataras 29.1 Reptiles Reptiles and Birds  Tuataras look like large lizards and are found on the islands off the coast of New Zealand.  Tuataras have a “third eye” located on the top of their heads that can detect sunlight.  Tuataras have two rows of teeth on the upper jaw. Chapter 29

26. Tuartara

27. Characteristics of Birds  Feathers: all birds; insulation, flight (most)  Hind limbs: walking, running, perching  Front limbs: modified into wings 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

28. Similarities to Reptiles Scales on feet Claws on toes Amniotic egg

29. Evidence: Archaeopteryx Has feathers (this makes it a bird) Beak has teeth (like a reptile)

30. Endotherms  Birds are endotherms-- generate body heat internally by their own metabolism 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds  A high body temperature enables the cells in a bird’s flight muscles to use large amounts of ATP needed for rapid muscle contraction during flight. Chapter 29

31. Feathers  Birds are the only living animals to have feathers 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds  Feathers have two main functions:  Flight  Insulation Chapter 29

32. 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

33.  Contour feathers: cover the body, wings, and tail  Consist of a shaft with barbs that are held together by hooks 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

34.  Down feathers are soft feathers located beneath the contour feathers  Preen gland secretes oil that adds a waterproof coating to the feathers

35. Lightweight Bones  A strong, lightweight skeleton allows birds to fly 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds  The bones of birds are unique because they contain cavities of air  Large, powerful pectoral muscles attach to the sternum and keel Chapter 29

36. Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

37. Respiration Very efficient air sacs and lungs Inhale: fresh air bypasses the lungs, enters air sacs (in air collection area) Exhale: air leaves air sacs, travels to lungs through tubes that are filled with tiny air sacs that conduct gas exchange (alveoli)

38. Allows a steady stream of oxygen to flow in one way and CO 2 to flow out rapidly

40. Circulation Double looped system 4 chambered heart (complete septum)

41. Feeding and Digestion  Require large amounts of food…why? 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds  Many birds have a crop at the base of the esophagus that stores food.  The gizzard contains small stones that crush food the birds have swallowed Chapter 29

43. Reptiles and Birds Chapter 29

44. Excretion Nitrogenous waste is removed from blood by kidneys, converted into uric acid, deposited in the cloaca

45.  Well developed brain  Cerebellum (for coordination of movement and balance during flight) Brain and Nervous System Reptiles and Birds  Cerebrum controls eating, singing, flying, and instinctive behavior Chapter 29

46. 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds  Birds also have a good sense of hearing Chapter 29  Birds have excellent vision

47. Reproduction 29.2 Birds Reptiles and Birds  Internal fertilization  Amniotic egg with hard shell  Birds incubate the eggs and feed the young after hatching Chapter 29