3. Lipids

4. Made of carbon and hydrogen Nonpolar covalent bonds Hydrophobic= does not attract to water – Ex: oil does not mix with water

5. Examples of Lipids Fats/Oils Waxes Phospholipids Steroids Anabolic steroids

6. Fats (3) Large molecule made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids GLYCEROL Fatty Acid Chains

7. Fats (3) Linked together by DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS – When glycerol and fatty acid link together  glycerol loses Hydroxide (OH) and fatty acid loses Hydrogen (H)= OH+ H = H 2 0

8. Fats (3) Main function = energy storage – Fat stores twice as much energy as sugars Triglycerides= another name for fats – 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol 2 types of fats: – saturated fat – unsaturated fat

9. Saturated Fats Have the maximum number of hydrogens in the triglyceride No kinks in the fatty acid chains  so they can compact tightly and be solid at room temperature – Ex: butter

10. UNSaturated Fats Does not have the maximum number of hydrogens Has double bonds in the fatty acid tails  creates kinks in the fatty acid chains Kinks allow unsaturated fats to be liquid at room temperature – Ex: corn oil; olive oil

11. Trans Fat Unsaturated fat that has hydrogen added  takes away the kinks in the fatty acid chains – This allows trans fat to be solid at room temperature. – Ex: margarine; crisco; peanut butter that does not separate at room temperature (Skippy, Jiff) Sometimes called hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated; hydrolyzed– listed under ingredients VERY BAD FOR YOU  LINKED TO CANCER AND HEART DISEASE

12. PhospholipIds (2) Found in the cell membrane Major component of cell membrane Similar to fat structure, but have the element phosphorous on the head, and 2 fatty acid tails

13. Waxes (1) Has one fatty acid linked to an alcohol Extremely hydrophobic Great for protection

14. Steroids Fatty acid tail is bent to form 4 connecting rings – All have 3 six-sided ring, and 1 five-sided ring -Ex: cholesterol– found in animals, cell membranes Used to make sex hormones in the body Too much cholesterol  atherosclerosis (hardening of blood vessels)  heart attack

15. Anabolic steroids Illegal, fake testosterone Use of these steroids masks the effects of the natural testosterone in the body  bad side effects – Ex: bye bye penis…… and testicles …girls…hello mustache and beard Depression and violent behavior