2. What is a Mineral? A naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystal structure A naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystal structure Galena

3. What do all minerals have in common? All have 5 common features: 1. Naturally occurring -- formed by natural processes in the Earth 2. Inorganic -- not alive and never were alive 3. Solid -- Have a definite volume and shape 4. Definite chemical composition -- are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup 5. Crystalline -- made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over

4. Geology Kitchen – What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen – What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen – What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen – What is a Mineral?

5. “Mineral” or “Not a Mineral” Ice, H 2 O ? Liquid H 2 O ? Mineral

6. Pearls? “Mineral” or “Not a Mineral”

7. What are the 5 characteristics of all minerals? What are the 5 characteristics of all minerals?

8. Combining Elements to Form Minerals

9. A mineral is made up of one or more elements

10. NaCl - sodium chloride Halite CaCO 3- calcium carbonate Calcite FeS 2 – iron sulfide Pyrite

11. Different elements can change a mineral’s color and properties. Ruby and Sapphire are both forms of Corundum Al 2 O 3 Ruby - Sapphire - corundum with chromium corundum with iron and titanium

12. Quartz has a profusion of colors, patterns and optical effects unsurpassed by any other crystal! colorless is rock crystal colorless is rock crystal purple quartz is amethyst purple quartz is amethyst yellow is citrine brown is smoky quartz yellow is citrine brown is smoky quartz pink is rose quartz pink is rose quartz black is morion black is morion

13. Crystals

14. Ionic Bonding in Crystals

15. Crystal Lattice = the arrangement of atoms in a regular, repeating pattern to create the crystal shape

16. Salt – Sodium & Chlorine Atoms Basic element of the pattern Crystal = repeating pattern: Linear pattern (1-dimensional) Stacking the pattern

17. Crystal Shapes

18. Tetragonal -- Apohyllite Orthorhombic Golden Topaz Monoclinic -- Gypsum Triclinic Hexagonal Sapphire Isometric - Halite (salt)

19. The 6 basic shapes can all be modified by cutting the corners and edges. The 6 basic shapes can all be modified by cutting the corners and edges. Here is just the first one, the isometric crystal shape, that is modified in different ways. Here is just the first one, the isometric crystal shape, that is modified in different ways. Basic Isometric Shape

20. Common Gem Cuts

21. What Makes a Mineral a Gem? Graphite or Diamond? Graphite or Diamond?

22. Diamond is made of carbon Diamond is made of carbon Graphite “ “ “ “ Graphite “ “ “ “ Coal “ “ “ “ Coal “ “ “ “ Charcoal “ “ “ “ Charcoal “ “ “ “ Fossil Fuels are “ “ “ Fossil Fuels are “ “ “ Diamond Graphite The lattice - arrangement of atoms – makes the difference

23. What Makes a Mineral a Gem? Gemstones = beautiful, rare, durable Fluorite – gem or not gem? Fluorite – gem or not gem? www.mineralgalleries.com/fluorite

24. Birthstones, © 2000 Gemological Institute of America, (GIA) Garnet Ruby Amethyst Aquamarine Diamond Emerald Pearl Peridot Sapphire Opal Topaz Turquoise Birthstones- Gem names

25. Birthstones, © 2000 Gemological Institute of America, (GIA) Garnet Corrundum Quartz Beryl Diamond Beryl Pearl Olivine Corrundum Amorphous quartz Al-F silicate Hydrous copper phosphate Birthstones- The real names!

26. 1.What element are diamonds made from? 2. What do all crystals have in common?

27. Groups of Minerals Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Amethyst Beryl (Emerald) Calcite

28. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Silicates Contain oxygen & silica Contain oxygen & silica The most abundant group of minerals The most abundant group of minerals Quartz; Mica; Feldspar = the most common silicate in the crust Mica Quartz Feldspar

29. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Non-Silicates Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust Include some of the most important minerals Include some of the most important minerals Calcite, Halite, Iron, Copper, Gold, Silver, Diamonds, Rubies Gold Ruby Iron Copper Diamond Silver Halite Calcite

30. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Native Elements  Single elements Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)

31. 1) 1) Which are the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust? silicates, non-silicates, native elements 2) 2) Silicates are made up of the elements ________ and ________. 3) 3) The most common silicate in the Earth’s crust is __________. 4) 4) Which of the following are silicates? copper halite ruby diamond quartz calcite mica gold

32. The Physical Properties of Minerals

33. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Color Can be misleading Can be misleading Can vary with the type of impurities Can vary with the type of impurities Purple QuartzClear QuartzRose Quartz

34. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Luster Surface reflection of light Surface reflection of light Metallic = shiny like metal Metallic = shiny like metal Non-metallic = not shiny like metal Non-metallic = not shiny like metal Metallic – Pyrite

35. Non-metallic Luster Types Vitreous (Glassy) - Olivine Waxy - Chalcedony Pearly - Mica Earthy/Dull - Kaolinite

36. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Streak The color of the powdered form of the mineral The color of the powdered form of the mineral The color of the streak can be different than the mineral The color of the streak can be different than the mineral Minerals must be softer than the streak plate Minerals must be softer than the streak plate

37. Streak…can help identify quartz Although these are all different colors of quartz,

38. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Hardness How easily a mineral scratches materials How easily a mineral scratches materials Mohs Hardness Scale Mohs Hardness Scale softest hardest

39. How to Test for Hardness If the object scratches the sample, then the sample is softer than the object. If the object scratches the sample, then the sample is softer than the object.

40. If the sample is scratched by one object, but not by another object, then the sample’s hardness is between the hardness of the two objects. Nail scratches a mineral, but fingernail does not. Mineral is harder than 2.5 but softer than 4.5

41. To scratch a streak plate, the mineral has to be softer than the streak plate, which has a hardness of 7

42. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Cleavage & Fracture The way the mineral breaks The way the mineral breaks

43. Fracture Fracture — minerals break at random, with rough or jagged edges, or with curved concoidal edges, or in a fibrous way. Fracture — minerals break at random, with rough or jagged edges, or with curved concoidal edges, or in a fibrous way. quartz

44. Cleavage Cleavage —minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape Cleavage —minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape

45.   Cleavage directions are determined by atomic structure and strength of bonding.   Cleavage will happen along the weak bond. Cleavage

46.   Cleavage in one direction Example: Mica Cleavage Planes

47.   Cleavage in two directions Example: Orthoclase feldspar

49. Cleavage or Fracture? 1. 4. 3. 2.

50. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Other Properties Density – mass per unit volume Density – mass per unit volume Magnetism Magnetism Fluorescent (glow when exposed to UV light) Fluorescent (glow when exposed to UV light) Reaction with hydrochloric acid – will bubble if it has calcite Reaction with hydrochloric acid – will bubble if it has calcite Smell (Waft) Smell (Waft)

51. The Physical Properties of Minerals

52. 1. If a mineral can scratch your fingernail, the mineral is ______ than a fingernail. 2. If a mineral is shiny like glass, it has a ______ luster. 3. Color is not a good identifier for minerals because _______________. 4. Streak is a mineral’s ______________. 5. Cleavage is when a mineral __________.

53. Watch Classifying Minerals Clip Classifying Minerals Classifying Minerals

54. How Do Minerals Form? All form from Crystallization = when particles dissolved in a liquid or a melt turn to a solid, forming crystals All form from Crystallization = when particles dissolved in a liquid or a melt turn to a solid, forming crystals

55. How Do Minerals Form? 1. Cool Solutions: When the water evaporates, the solids that are left crystallize. Ex.: Halite (salt) 2. Hot Solutions: Water on Earth’s surface flows through cracks in the crust into deep, hot environments, carrying solids that eventually form minerals deep in the ground. Ex.: Gold

56. 3. Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals in the mantle) Slow Cooling inside Earth Large Crystals Fast Cooling inside Earth Small Crystals How Do Minerals Form?

57. What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust? 8 elements make up 98.6 % of the Earth’s crust ElementSymbol Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg The Building Blocks of Minerals Silicates

58. Uses of Minerals

59. Gemstones = rare and attractive mineral for jewelry Ores = rocks that contain metal have many uses for industry, products, jewelry, and for health Non-metallic Minerals for construction, energy, health, and many other uses Uses of Minerals