1. Chapter 1 Research Questions in Linguistics
Jane Sunderland
Chapter 2 Quantitative, Qualitative or Both?: Combining methods in linguistic research
Jo Angouri
This is the set of proceedngs from the BAAL conference addressing the theme:” The Impact of Applied Linguistics” It’s also uploaded to Moodle, along with some other supplementary readings.

2. Formulating Research Questions
…Some questions
What are the types of research questions one can ask?
What is a hierarchy of questions?
What is the difference between an empirical and a speculative question?
What are “operationalization” and…”operationalizability?” about?

3. What is a hypothesis? What is a theory?
What’s the difference?
Some Resources
Wikipedia:
(scientific) theory:
Hypothesis:

4. What is a “reductionist” explanation? What is reductionism?
Some resources:
[note the section addressing reductionism in linguistics, but it’s brief, and note the “warning” accompanying the piece]
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy—a reliable resource—discusses reductionism in biology here

5. Ontology? Epistemology?
What are these terms and what do they refer to?
Section 3 in this Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) is helpful with regard to ontology:
And this entry—entitled “Models in Science” addresses these topics (and reductionism) in a way that may resonate. Let me know.

6. International Journal of Educational Policies, 6 (1). 41-55
Guba E.G. & Lincoln, Y.S. (2005). Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and
Emerging Confluences. In Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds), Handbook of
Qualitative Research. Sage, London, pp.1-28
Fazlıoğulları, O. (2012). Scientific Research Paradigms in Social Sciences.
International Journal of Educational Policies, 6 (1)

7. Paradigms—more resources