1. Citing Sources in your Work: Avoiding Plagiarism NOTE: To move through this tutorial, use the mouse to click on the arrow at the bottom right of your screen.

2. What you’ll accomplish: Read three sample situations to determine if the person was ethical in his or her use of a source. Read three sample situations to determine if the person was ethical in his or her use of a source. Learn how to avoid plagiarism. Learn how to avoid plagiarism. Learn the difference between direct quotation and paraphrasing and when you have to cite sources. Learn the difference between direct quotation and paraphrasing and when you have to cite sources.

3. Let’s look at some hypothetical scenarios. For each, identify if the student used his or her sources acceptably.

4. Matt’s Situation Matt has an English essay due tomorrow. He read the book and paid attention during class, but he has no idea what to write about. He’s drawing a blank. Matt logs onto the Internet “just to get some ideas about topics for his paper.” He finds a great thesis and begins writing his paper using the topic he found. He is very careful to avoid copying any text or words from the Internet article he found. Is this plagiarism? YesNo

5. Choose from the blue buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

6. You said… Matt did plagiarize. You are right. Matt plagiarized. Matt committed plagiarism by taking the ideas of the source without citing them in the paper.Matt committed plagiarism by taking the ideas of the source without citing them in the paper. Even though he put the ideas in his own words, Matt stole the intellectual property of the source.Even though he put the ideas in his own words, Matt stole the intellectual property of the source.

7. You are wrong. Matt’s actions constitute plagiarism. Matt is committing plagiarism by taking the ideas of the source without citing them in his paper.Matt is committing plagiarism by taking the ideas of the source without citing them in his paper. Even though he put the ideas in his own words, Matt is stealing the intellectual property of the source.Even though he put the ideas in his own words, Matt is stealing the intellectual property of the source. He could avoid plagiarism if he cites the source of the ideas in his paper.He could avoid plagiarism if he cites the source of the ideas in his paper. You said… Matt did not plagiarize.

8. Beth’s Situation During history class, Beth is asked to find some background info on Fidel Castro’s rise to power. Beth does a Google search and arrives at Wikipedia ’s article on Fidel Castro. Without using quotation marks, Beth cuts and pastes several sentences from Wikipedia into her assignment. Is this plagiarism? YesNo

9. Choose from the blue buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

10. You said… Beth did plagiarize. You are right. Beth’s actions constitute plagiarism. By taking the words from the Wikipedia article, Beth is committing plagiarism.By taking the words from the Wikipedia article, Beth is committing plagiarism. She can avoid plagiarizing if she quotes the article in her assignment and includes an entry describing the source in a Works Cited page at the end of her paper.She can avoid plagiarizing if she quotes the article in her assignment and includes an entry describing the source in a Works Cited page at the end of her paper.

11. You are wrong. Beth’s actions constitute plagiarism. By taking the words from the Wikipedia article, Beth is committing plagiarism.By taking the words from the Wikipedia article, Beth is committing plagiarism. She can avoid plagiarizing if she quotes the article in her assignment and includes an entry describing the source in a bibliography at the end of her paper.She can avoid plagiarizing if she quotes the article in her assignment and includes an entry describing the source in a bibliography at the end of her paper. You said… Beth did not plagiarize.

12. Fiona’s Situation Fiona is a freshman who feels overwhelmed by high school. When her science teacher assigns a short worksheet on genetics, Fiona is confused and frustrated. During lunch, Fiona “borrows” her friend’s paper and copies the answers onto her own paper. Is this plagiarism? YesNo

13. Choose from the blue buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

14. You said… Fiona did plagiarize. You are right. Fiona’s actions constitute plagiarism. Even if Fiona’s friend gave permission for Fiona to copy her work, it is still plagiarism.Even if Fiona’s friend gave permission for Fiona to copy her work, it is still plagiarism. Fiona is guilty of plagiarism. She tried to take credit for the words and ideas of another person.Fiona is guilty of plagiarism. She tried to take credit for the words and ideas of another person.

15. You are wrong. Fiona’s actions constitute plagiarism. Even if Fiona’s friend gave permission for Fiona to copy her work, it is still plagiarism.Even if Fiona’s friend gave permission for Fiona to copy her work, it is still plagiarism. Fiona tried to take credit for the words and ideas of another person.Fiona tried to take credit for the words and ideas of another person. You said… Fiona did not plagiarize.

16. Think you get it now? Read the following…

17. Direct Quotation Direct Quotation Paraphrase Paraphrase Includes summarizing and referencing the works of others within your paper or projectIncludes summarizing and referencing the works of others within your paper or project There are two acceptable ways to use sources:

18. Direct Quotation What it is:What it is: The exact words of an author used word for word in your paper or project. The exact words of an author used word for word in your paper or project. When to use it:When to use it: When the exact phrasing of the source suits your needs. When the exact phrasing of the source suits your needs. When you want to use the source’s exact words—even if just a particular apt phrase. When you want to use the source’s exact words—even if just a particular apt phrase. How to use it:How to use it: Copy the exact words of the source, putting those words inside quotation marks. Copy the exact words of the source, putting those words inside quotation marks. Put a citation at the end of the quotation indicating the page number. Put a citation at the end of the quotation indicating the page number. At the end of your paper, include a citation entry on a page that lists your references. At the end of your paper, include a citation entry on a page that lists your references. There are two acceptable ways to use sources:

19. Paraphrase What it is:What it is: Using your own words to restate the source’s idea. This could be a summary of the source’s point, a brief mention of the source’s findings, or a longer restatement of the source’s idea. Using your own words to restate the source’s idea. This could be a summary of the source’s point, a brief mention of the source’s findings, or a longer restatement of the source’s idea. Use paraphrase when:Use paraphrase when: The exact phrasing of the source is too technical, too wordy, etc. The exact phrasing of the source is too technical, too wordy, etc. You want to present the source’s idea in a more compact, focused way You want to present the source’s idea in a more compact, focused way How to use it:How to use it: Before the paraphrase, introduce the source. This will show where the paraphrase begins. Before the paraphrase, introduce the source. This will show where the paraphrase begins. Use your own words to restate the meaning of the source. This means you change words, structure, and syntax. You do not merely substitute synonyms for the source’s original phrasing. Use your own words to restate the meaning of the source. This means you change words, structure, and syntax. You do not merely substitute synonyms for the source’s original phrasing. Put a citation at the end of the quotation indicating the page number or source. Put a citation at the end of the quotation indicating the page number or source. Include a citation entry on a reference page at Include a citation entry on a reference page at the end of your paper or project. There are two acceptable ways to use sources:

20. Testing your understanding… Can you tell the difference between a direct quotation and a paraphrase? Click on the correct answer for each of the following samples.

21. Direct Quotation vs. Paraphrase Sample #1 In his book on Google’s business strategy, John Battelle states, “…Google had more than its finger on the pulse of our culture, it was directly jacked into the culture’s nervous system” (2). This is an example of DIRECT QUOTATION This is an example of PARAPHRASE

22. Choose from the buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

23. Paraphrase Sorry, no. You are incorrect. The student did not paraphrase--she used a direct quotation. The quotation marks give it away: In his book on Google’s business strategy, John Battelle states: “…Google had more than its finger on the pulse of our culture, it was directly jacked into the culture’s nervous system” (2).

24. Direct Quotation Easy, right? If you see quotation marks, it is a direct quotation. Easy, right? If you see quotation marks, it is a direct quotation. Any time you use the exact words of a source, you must surround them in quotation marks and indicate the source. Any time you use the exact words of a source, you must surround them in quotation marks and indicate the source.

25. Direct Quotation vs. Paraphrase Sample #2 Battelle’s argument is based on a memo written by Google CEO Eric Schmidt. The memo reveals that Google was focusing its attention on corporate marketing budgets (153). This is an example of DIRECT QUOTATION This is an example of PARAPHRASE

26. Choose from the green buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

27. Paraphrase Good job! Sample #2 was a paraphrase. Anytime a student rewrites a source’s idea into his or her own words, the user must give the source credit. This is paraphrasing.

28. Direct Quotation Sorry. Read it again: Battelle’s argument is based on a memo written by Google CEO Eric Schmidt. The memo reveals that Google was focusing its attention on corporate marketing budgets (153). That example is a paraphrase. You should know because the student did not include quotation marks; she rephrased the original into her own written style and then cited the source.

29. Direct Quotation vs. Paraphrase Sample #3 As he explains the importance of choosing the best searchable keywords to allow others to find a website, Battelle presents a comparison to the Greek story of The Odyssey, “Is [being known to a wide audience] not what every person longs for— what Odysseus chose over Kalypso’s nameless immortality—to die, but to be known forever?” (284). This is an example of DIRECT QUOTATION This is an example of PARAPHRASE

30. Choose from the green buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

31. Paraphrase You are incorrect. The example was a direct quotation. Look at it again: You are incorrect. The example was a direct quotation. Look at it again: In explaining the importance of searchable functions, Battelle reveals his insight into the heart of mankind, “Is that not what every person longs for—what Odysseus chose over Kalypso’s nameless immortality—to die, but to be known forever?” (284). The student included quotation marks, indicating that he used the exact words of the original source. Therefore, it is a direct quotation. The student included quotation marks, indicating that he used the exact words of the original source. Therefore, it is a direct quotation.

32. Direct Quotation Correct! Correct! The use of the exact words of the source makes it a direct quotation. The use of the exact words of the source makes it a direct quotation. The student shows readers that it is a direct quotation by using quotation marks. The student shows readers that it is a direct quotation by using quotation marks. Additionally, he provides information to help the reader identify the source. Additionally, he provides information to help the reader identify the source.

33. So, you know the difference between a direct quotation and a paraphrase… Now what?

34. Definition of Plagiarism Plagiarism is: Plagiarism is: To steal the words or ideas of another personTo steal the words or ideas of another person To pass off the words or ideas of another person as one’s ownTo pass off the words or ideas of another person as one’s own Further: Further: It does not matter whether the theft of words or ideas is intentional or accidental.It does not matter whether the theft of words or ideas is intentional or accidental. Either way, it is plagiarism.Either way, it is plagiarism.

35. Why should you bother? Four good reasons for citing sources in your work: Citing reliable information gives credibility to your work. Cheating is unethical behavior. It is only fair to give credit to the source—otherwise, you are stealing the source’s ideas. The consequences are severe— plagiarism is not worth the risk.

36. You probably have two questions: (1) What do I need to cite? (2) How do I cite? Read on for the answers…

37. What do I need to cite? This chart will help you decide what must be cited. This chart will help you decide what must be cited. It was created by Robert A. Harris in The Plagiarism Handbook.It was created by Robert A. Harris in The Plagiarism Handbook. Did you think of it? No. Yes. Is it common knowledge? No. Yes. Cite it. Do not cite it.

38. So—the rule is: If you created it, you do not need to cite the source. If you did not create the content, you must cite the source. Did you think of it? No. Yes. Is it common knowledge? No. Yes. Cite it. Do not cite it.

39. The one exception to that rule is for “common knowledge.” You do not need to cite the source of an unoriginal piece of information IF: (1) an educated person should know the information, OR (2) it is a provable fact that could be found in a general encyclopedia. Did you think of it? No. Yes. Is it common knowledge? No. Yes. Cite it. Do not cite it.

40. So, you don’t need to cite a fact, but you must cite the source of opinions and ideas that are not your own. And, you must cite any time you use the exact words of the source—even if the words are presenting common knowledge. So, you don’t need to cite a fact, but you must cite the source of opinions and ideas that are not your own. And, you must cite any time you use the exact words of the source—even if the words are presenting common knowledge.

41. So, you don’t need to cite a fact, for example: Ayn Rand wrote Anthem. OR Ayn Rand was born in 1905. but you must cite the source of opinions and ideas that are not your own. for example: Sally Louise believed that Anthem is an inspiring story (75). OR According to Billy Bob, Equality 7-2521 represents the human spirit (15). And, you must cite any time you use the exact words of the source—even if the words are presenting common knowledge. You must always cite the source of ANY direct quotation.

42. Take one more look at this chart! If the idea and the words are yours, you do not need to cite. Did you think of it? No. Yes. Is it common knowledge? No. Yes. Cite it. Do not cite it.

43. So, let’s check to see that you understand when you need to cite the source and when you don’t… Answer the following questions and choose the correct answer.

44. Test Case #1 Matt isn’t sure if he needs to cite the source of the information below. He found the fact online. “Abraham Lincoln was our 16 th president.” What do you think? What should Jack do? Pick one of the answers below. Cite the source. This means he will: (1)Either: a)Surround with quotation marks, or b)Put the quotation into his own words, changing the syntax, structure, & organization Include a lead-in giving the source’s name, Give the page number, and List the source in a bibliography Do not cite the source. This means that the information is a commonly reported fact. It is generally known and available from many sources. Jack should verify the information in at least two sources, then Jack will write the well-known information in his own words.

45. Choose from the buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

46. You are incorrect. In this case, citation is not necessary. Matt does not need to cite the source or quote the information because it is general knowledge. Matt does not need to cite the source or quote the information because it is general knowledge. Abraham Lincoln’s status as the 16th President of the US is a fact that is verifiable in many places so Matt can use the information without citation. Abraham Lincoln’s status as the 16th President of the US is a fact that is verifiable in many places so Matt can use the information without citation.

47. You are correct! Matt does not need to cite this information. Matt does not need to cite the source or quote the information because it is general knowledge. Matt does not need to cite the source or quote the information because it is general knowledge. Abraham Lincoln’s status as the 16 th President of the US is a fact that is verifiable in many places so Matt can use the information without citation. Abraham Lincoln’s status as the 16 th President of the US is a fact that is verifiable in many places so Matt can use the information without citation.

48. Test Case #2 In her paper on Affirmative Action, Beth found one source explaining that Affirmative Action “evens the field of play by wreaking equity on all players.” In her paper, Beth uses the phrase “wreaking equity” but she puts all the other parts of the source into her own words. What should Beth do? Pick one of the answers below. Cite the source. This means she will: Either: (1)Surround with quotation marks, or a)Put the quotation into her own words, changing the syntax, structure, & organization Include a lead-in giving the source’s name, Give the page number, and List the source in a bibliography Not cite the source. This means that the information is generally known and available from multiple sources. Jill should verify the information in at least two sources, then Jill will write the well-known information in his own words. (3)Jill should make a bibliographic citation for use on her Works Consulted page.

49. Choose from the buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

50. You are correct! Beth must cite this information. Jill needs to cite the source of the paraphrase because the idea belongs to the source. Jill needs to cite the source of the paraphrase because the idea belongs to the source. Further, because Beth uses the unique phrase “wreaking equity,” she must include that phrase in quotation marks, indicating that it is a direct quotation from the source. Further, because Beth uses the unique phrase “wreaking equity,” she must include that phrase in quotation marks, indicating that it is a direct quotation from the source.

51. You are incorrect. In this case, citation is necessary. Beth needs to cite the source of the paraphrase because the idea belongs to the source. Beth needs to cite the source of the paraphrase because the idea belongs to the source. Further, because Beth uses the unique phrase “wreaking equity,” she must include that phrase in quotation marks, indicating that it is a direct quotation from the source. Further, because Beth uses the unique phrase “wreaking equity,” she must include that phrase in quotation marks, indicating that it is a direct quotation from the source.

52. Test Case #3 Fiona found a very helpful article in an online database. She very carefully made sure that she rewrote the content of the article using her own personal style; she changed the author’s syntax and organization so that it fit seamlessly into her paper. What should Fiona do? Cite the source. This means she will: Either: (1)Surround with quotation marks, or a)Put the quotation into his own words, changing the syntax, structure, & organization Include a lead-in giving the source’s name, Give the page number, and List the source in a bibliography Not cite the source. This means that the information is generally known and available from multiple sources. Gretel should verify the information in at least two sources, then Gretel will write the well-known information in his own words. (3) Gretel must include a bibliographic citation on her Works Consulted page.

53. Choose from the buttons at the bottom of the page. Read the situation and then choose one of the options. Click here to return to previous slide

54. You are correct. In this case, citation is required. Fiona paraphrases the source’s idea and content. She must give credit to the source. Fiona paraphrases the source’s idea and content. She must give credit to the source. She must provide her audience with the source of the idea that she borrowed. She must provide her audience with the source of the idea that she borrowed.

55. You are incorrect! Fiona must cite the source of this information, even though she put it in her own words. Fiona paraphrases the ideas of the source, so she must cite the identity of the source. Fiona paraphrases the ideas of the source, so she must cite the identity of the source. Fiona must provide her audience with the source of the material that she borrowed. Fiona must provide her audience with the source of the material that she borrowed.

56. So, you can identify what must have a citation… Now you need to know how to use and cite a source!

57. How to Cite a Source It’s easy. Just provide your audience with the source of any ideas or words that are not your own. It’s easy. Just provide your audience with the source of any ideas or words that are not your own. First, carefully mark the beginning and end of the source’s words or ideas.First, carefully mark the beginning and end of the source’s words or ideas. Then, provide an entry to show where the borrowed material originated.Then, provide an entry to show where the borrowed material originated. In fact, listing your sources shows your audience that you are an informed, well researched writer! In fact, listing your sources shows your audience that you are an informed, well researched writer!

58. How to Cite Direct Quotations Provide a bibliographic entry to show where the borrowed material originated. Provide a bibliographic entry to show where the borrowed material originated. Park, Beth L. Understanding Ayn Rand’s Anthem. Lebo University Press: Pittsburgh, 2008. Park, Beth L. Understanding Ayn Rand’s Anthem. Lebo University Press: Pittsburgh, 2008. Carefully mark the beginning and end of the source’s words or idea. Carefully mark the beginning and end of the source’s words or idea. Use a signal phrase to introduce the source.Use a signal phrase to introduce the source. Use quotation marks to surround the words of the source.Use quotation marks to surround the words of the source. Provide the page number (or another citation) after the closing quotation marks.Provide the page number (or another citation) after the closing quotation marks.EXAMPLE: According to literary critic Beth L. Parks, Equality 7-2521 finds peace through “his search for the height of his own potential” (24).

59. How to Cite Paraphrases Provide a bibliographic entry to show where the borrowed material originated. Provide a bibliographic entry to show where the borrowed material originated. Park, Beth L. Understanding Ayn Rand’s Anthem. Lebo University Press: Pittsburgh, 2008. Park, Beth L. Understanding Ayn Rand’s Anthem. Lebo University Press: Pittsburgh, 2008. Carefully mark the beginning and end of the source’s words or idea. Carefully mark the beginning and end of the source’s words or idea. Use a signal phrase to introduce the sourceUse a signal phrase to introduce the source Put the source’s original words into your own words:Put the source’s original words into your own words: It isn’t just about using synonyms to replace words. It isn’t just about using synonyms to replace words. You must change the syntax, sentence structure, and organization of the original. You must change the syntax, sentence structure, and organization of the original. If you find yourself just changing a word here or there, ask yourself if a direct quotation would work. If it would work, then use a direct quotation. If you find yourself just changing a word here or there, ask yourself if a direct quotation would work. If it would work, then use a direct quotation. Provide the page number (or another citation) after the closing quotation marks.Provide the page number (or another citation) after the closing quotation marks. EXAMPLE: According to literary critic Beth L. Parks, Equality 7-2521 separates himself from the society by striving to improve the world around him (24).

60. It can be said in a bunch of different ways… Mark the boundaries

61. It can be said in a bunch of different ways… Mark the boundaries Bracket the borrowed

62. It can be said in a bunch of different ways… Mark the boundaries Fence the borders Bracket the borrowed

63. It can be said in a bunch of different ways… Mark the boundaries Enclose the borrowed Fence the borders Bracket the borrowed

64. It can be said in a bunch of different ways… Mark the boundaries Frame the usage Enclose the borrowed Fence the borders Bracket the borrowed

65. It can be said in a bunch of different ways… Mark the boundaries Frame the usage Enclose the borrowed Fence the borders Surround the usage Bracket the borrowed

66. But, they all mean the same thing… Provide a clear indication of any words or ideas that are not your own. It can be said in a bunch of different ways… Mark the boundaries Frame the usage Enclose the borrowed Fence the borders Circumscribe the usage Bracket the borrowed

67. Sources Cited Harris, Robert A. The Plagiarism Handbook: Strategies for Preventing, Detecting, and Dealing with Plagiarism. Pyrczak Publishing: Los Angeles, 2001.

68. Works Consulted DeSena, Laura Hennessey. Preventing Plagiarism: Tips and Techniques. National Council of Teachers of English: Urbana, IL, 2007. Kramer & Miller. “Using Sources in Your Work.” Mount Lebanon, PA School District presentation. Valenza, Joyce Kasman. “What is Plagiarism? (And Why You Should Care).” Springfield High School Media Center Information Literacy Lessons. Springfield School District.