1. Atoms and Bonding

2. Composition of the Sun

3. Abundance of Light Elements Rarity of Lithium, Beryllium, Boron Preference for Even Numbers Abundance peak at Iron, trailing off after

4. How Elements Form in Stars Sun: 4 H  He He + particle  Mass 5 – Unstable He + He  Mass 8 – Unstable He + He + He  C Add more He to make heavier elements End of the line is iron for energy production Atoms beyond Iron made in massive stars

5. What are Planets Made of? Same material as Sun Minus the elements that remain mostly in gases We find this pattern in a certain class of meteorites (Carbonaceous Chondrites)

6. Chondrites

7. The Earth’s Crust looks Very Different

8. Composition of the Crust

9. Minerals are the Chemicals that make up the Earth Naturally-occurring Inorganic Chemical Compounds About 3000 Known 200 Common 20 Rock-forming

10. Atomic Bonding 1. Ions

11. Atomic Bonding 2. Electrical Neutrality (+) and (-) Cancel Out 3. Bonding (Satisfy 1 & 2) Ionic (NaCl) Covalent (O 2 ) Metallic (Cu, Al, Fe) Hydrogen (in water)

12. Ionic and Covalent Bonding

13. Metallic Bonding

14. Hydrogen Bonding

15. Summary of Bonding Ionic bonding holds rocks and minerals together Covalent bonding holds people and other organisms together Metallic bonding holds civilization together Hydrogen bonding gives water its heat- retaining and solvent properties

16. 4. Lattices Atoms in crystals form a repeating pattern called a Lattice

17. 5. Complex Anions Many minerals contain groups of atoms that behave as single units

18. What Do Atoms “Really” Look Like?

19. Standing Waves

20. The wave is everywhere in the tank, all the time The negative portions are just as real as the positive portions Other waves could be present in the same space at the same time

21. s-orbitals (Lithium and Beryllium)

22. p-orbitals

23. Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen

24. 1s2s2p3s Sodium, Calcium

25. Carbon and Silicon

26. 1s2s2p3s3p Phosphorus through Argon

27. Hybrid Orbitals: Carbon