1. Lesson 4 Inaugural Address By John F. Kennedy

2.  President Kennedy  35th President of the United States 35thPresident of the United States  In office January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963

3. Teaching aim & Precedures  Learn to appreciate and try to make some comment on the text  Procedures:  Description  Interpretation  Evalution Asking & answering questions Paraphrasing & translating words, phrases & sentences Pragmastylistic analysis: the aesthetic value

4. The structure of the whole text contentsPara(s)Main idea Part 11-5Kennedy’s basic policy goals: human rights, liberty, independence and his efforts Part 26-10Addressing to different groups of allied nations or would-be allies, the UN: leadership of the U.S. Part 311-20Addressing to his enemy: Negotiation & cooperation Part 421-27His appealing to his countrymen & citizens of the world: huaman rights & freedom

5. Description of the text  1. What is Kennedy’s basic policy goal?  The United States, the self-appointed leader of the free associations, is prepared to pay any price, bear any burden, and meet any hardship to defend human rights, liberty and independence of free nations.

6. Description of the text  2. Why did Kennedy think the world is different? What are the differences?  Man has made great progress in science & technology and has not only the power (scientific farming, speedy transportation, mass production, etc.) to abolish poverty, but also the power (missles, H. bombs, etc.) to destroy all forms of human life.

7. Description of the text  3. What belief is still at issue around the globe?  All men are created equal and God has given them certain inalienable rights which no state or ruler can take away from them.

8. Description of the text  4. Whom does Kennedy consider to be friends and whom to be foe?  Friends: 1) the old allies of the U.S.; 2) the countries in South America; 3) many of the developing countries in Asia & Africa who rely on the U.S.  Foe: 1) all the socialist countries; 2) those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road

9. Description of the text  5. What is Kennedy’s stated policy towards Latin America?  “Alliance for progress”: to take concrete steps to assist these governments and people in casting off the chains of poverty

10. Description of the text  6. What policy did Kennedy intend to pursue towards his foe?  Negotiation from a position of strength.  The U.S. must be in a strong position of absolute military superior to negotiate with the socialist camp (or the Soviet Union) on:  1) arms control;  2) co-operation in Sci.&Tec., arts & commerce;  3) a new world system

11. Description of the text  7. What is kennedy’s appealing to his fellow citizens? What does he mean by “a long twilight struggle”?  To make new sacrifices, to do what his country calls on him to do  Not a hot war, but a constant, persevering fight against tyranny, poverty, disease and all threat of war

12. Interpretation of the text  Para. 1  1. signify: indicate  2. symbolizing: to be a symble of  3. renewal: beginning of a new term  4. We observe today…as well change.

13. Interpretation of the text  Para. 2  1. For man holds… human life:  Man has made great progress in science and technology, but he also has the power to destroy human life.  2. at issue: in dispute; still to be decided

14. Interpretation of the text  Para. 3  1. touch: metaphor: inspiration & ideals  2. disciplined: well trained  3. hard and bitter peace: peace & cold war

15. Interpretation of the text  Para. 4  1. Let every nation know… of liberty:  This is addressed to both friend and foe.  Para. 5  This much we pledge--- and more:  A one sentence paragraph that functions as a transition from the general to the specific.

16. Interpretation of the text  Para. 6  1. To those old allies… split asunder:  He is addressing to the white European countries in general but specially directed to the English-speaking Anglo-Saxon countries.  2. cultural & spiritual origins: Greek, Roman and Nordic( 北欧日耳曼民族的 ) mythology, literature, art, music, etc.  3. United…split asunder

17. Interpretation of the text  Para. 7  1. To those… who are rich:  Kennedy addresses to the governments and people of the newly independent countries, the third world developing countries. He promises to give them economic aid but warns them not to go over to the Communists.

18. Interpretation of the text  Para. 7  1. ranks of free: the community of free and independent nations  2. a far more iron tyranny: a Communist dictatorship  3. iron: cruel, merciless  4. …those who foolishly… ended up inside: metaphor

19. Interpretation of the text  Para.8  1. people in huts and villages: poor and backward people in Africa and Asia struggling to free themselves from poverty and suffering  2. bonds: chains ; fatters  3. If a free…who are rich: antithesis

20. Interpretation of the text  Para. 9  1. To our sister republics… of its own house: all the countries lying to the south of the U.S. in Central & South America.  Various names of U.S. presidents to these countries: “dollar diplomacy”, “alliance for progress”

21. Interpretation of the text  Para. 9  2. But this peaceful… of hostile powers:  Metaphor  3. And let every other … its own house:  Metaphor  Para. 10  1. to that world…writ may run: addressing to the UN, in Biblical style  2. to prevent it from…for invective

22. Interpretation of the text  Para. 11  1. Kennedy began to address to his enemies. He is careful in his choice of words  2. would make themselves our adversary:  A blame for confrontation and world tension on the other party  The U.S. has done nothing to creat enemies. It’s the other side that is challenging the U.S.

23. Interpretation of the text  Para. 12  1. We dare… with weakness: We dare not be weak because it might tempt the enemy to take rash actions. So we must arm ourselves.  2. For only… never be employed:  If we are strong our enemy will not dare to attack us.

24. Interpretation of the text  Para. 13  1. both sides overburdened… deadly atom: both sides are feeling the great financial burden of the arms race and both sides are alarmed by the proliferation of atom weapons.  2. balabce of terror: metaphor, balance of terrible military power

25. Interpretation of the text  Para. 14  1. From this paragraph to Para. 19, Kennedy puts forwards his different proposals.  2. Parallel structure in this para.  Para. 16  Bring the absolute power… of all nations:  Repetition to propose the control and limitation of nuclear weapons

26. Interpretation of the text  Para. 17  1. Let both sides seek…its terrors  2. invoke: call forth, bring into action  3. together let us explore… commerce  4. explore the stars: space exploration  5. conquer the deserts: reclamation （再生，再 利用） of wasteland and deserts, to make deserts fertile  6. tap the ocean depths: make use of the weath in the ocean

27. Interpretation of the text  Para. 18  1. Biblical quotation to keep with his Catholic bringing up  Para. 19  1. Metaphor: a small beginning (co- operation) to a “beachhead”; deep and widespread (suspicion) to a “jungle”  2. strong are just: the strong nations do not bully the weak.

28. Interpretation of the text  Para. 20  All this … one hundred days: All this will not be finished in a very short time.  Para. 21  From this paragraph to the end, Kennedy appeals his fellow Americans to support him and to do everything they can, even to sacrifice their lives for the country.

29. Interpretation of the text  Para. 22  1. to bear arms: to join the army  2. embattled: prepared for battle  3. to bear the burden: to take on the burden  Para. 23  North and South, East and West: all parts of the world

30. Interpretation of the text  Para. 24  The energy…light the world: metaphor.  The energy, the faith, and the devotion the Americans bring to this task will inspire noy only the United States and her people but also the whole world.  Para. 25  Ask of us… ask of you: Demand that we here show the same high standards of strength and sacrific that we demand of you.

31. Interpretation of the text  Para. 27  With a good conscience…our own: the Biblical style  With God’s blessing and help, let us start leading the country we love, knowing that on earth we must do what God wants us to do.

32. Evalution of the text  I. The content of the speech  1) logical: general (his basic policy) – partial(different policies to different countries)- genaral (his appealing to his people to achieve the goal)  2) conversational implicature: general conversational implicature & particularized conversational implicature

33. Evalution of the text  Examples:  1. We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change (general implicature)  1). He emphasizes that the president is elected by people according to their own will (freedom).  2). He keeps a balance between an end(of the previous president) & beginning, renewal and change.  3) thus, the significance of his inauguration

34. Evalution of the text  2. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of delaboring those problems which divide us. Let both sides, for the first time, fomulate serious and precise problems for the inspection and control of arms, and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce… Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (particularized implicature)  Not only a good intention to co-operate, but rather a kind of threat

35. Evalution of the text  II. The form of the speech: rhetorical devices  1. Metaphor  1) Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of America (: indicating his great ambition)  2). … and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside (a kind of warning)

36. Evalution of the text  2. Synecdoche  …yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war. (part for whole)  3) Contrast  a. And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (two sides of the same thing )  b. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co- operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. (two different things)

37. Evalution of the text  4. Hyperbole  In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its honor of maximum danger (creating a kind of urgency, pressure, and inspiration to devote themselves)

38. Evalution of the text  5. Alliteration  Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival

39. Evalution of the text  6. Repetition  1) To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds… (Repetition of words)  2) For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. (Repetition of phrases)  3) To those old allies, … To those new states… To those peoples…To our sister republics, To that world assembly… To those nations…(Anaphora [ə‘næfərə] 句首重复 )

40. Evalution of the text  7. Climax 层进法  And this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. (a very hard and time- consuming work to do)

41. Evalution of the text  8. Chiasmus[kai‘æzməs] 交错配列法  Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate （表达美国人民 既乐于合作但又不屈服于任何势力的决心）  9. Litotes （曲言法）  Neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course (both will endure great presure of military cost)

42. Evalution of the text  10. Quotation (from tne Bible)  Let both sides unite to heed, in all corners of the earth, the command of Isaiah--- to “undo the heavy burdens, and let the oppressed go free” (add to the solemnness)

43. Evalution of the text  11. Rhetorical questions  Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and south, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind?  Will you join in that historical effort?