1. Learning Chapter 8 Part 2 Chapter 8 Part 2

2. Operant conditioning / Respondent behavior - occurs as an automatic response to stimulus / Behavior operates on the environment producing rewarding or punishing stimuli / Law of effect - rewarded behavior is likely to recur / Respondent behavior - occurs as an automatic response to stimulus / Behavior operates on the environment producing rewarding or punishing stimuli / Law of effect - rewarded behavior is likely to recur

3. Skinner box / AKA “operant chamber” / Box has bar or lever that animal presses or pecks to release a reward / Device to record responses / AKA “operant chamber” / Box has bar or lever that animal presses or pecks to release a reward / Device to record responses

4. Shaping behavior / Reinforcers gradually guide actions toward a desired behavior / By shaping nonverbal organisms to discriminate between stimuli, a psychologist can also determine what they perceive,(can a dog distinguish colors?) / Reinforcers gradually guide actions toward a desired behavior / By shaping nonverbal organisms to discriminate between stimuli, a psychologist can also determine what they perceive,(can a dog distinguish colors?)

5. Con’t / Successive approximations = you reward responses that are ever closer to the desired behavior / Sometimes we unintentionally reinforce unwanted behaviors (Billy example pg 328) / Successive approximations = you reward responses that are ever closer to the desired behavior / Sometimes we unintentionally reinforce unwanted behaviors (Billy example pg 328)

6. Types of reinforcers / Reinforcement = any behavior that strengthens or increases the frequency of a preceding response. / Positive reinforcers = tangible rewards, praise or attention. / Reinforcers are not always positive / Reinforcement = any behavior that strengthens or increases the frequency of a preceding response. / Positive reinforcers = tangible rewards, praise or attention. / Reinforcers are not always positive

7. Positive reinforcement / Presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response / Food, praise, attention, approval, money, prizes, etc / Presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response / Food, praise, attention, approval, money, prizes, etc

8. Negative reinforcement / Strengthens response by removing or reducing an aversive, (undesirable),stimulus. / Taking aspirin to relieve pain, pushing the snooze button, smoking a cigarette for an addict, studying to reduce test anxiety, etc) / Strengthens response by removing or reducing an aversive, (undesirable),stimulus. / Taking aspirin to relieve pain, pushing the snooze button, smoking a cigarette for an addict, studying to reduce test anxiety, etc)

9. Primary and secondary reinforcers / Food when hungry, being relieved of pain, for example = primary / Conditioned reinforcers - secondary (ie: learned through association with primary reinfocers) = money, prestige, / acknolwlegement / Food when hungry, being relieved of pain, for example = primary / Conditioned reinforcers - secondary (ie: learned through association with primary reinfocers) = money, prestige, / acknolwlegement

10. Reinforcement schedules / Continuous - learning occurs rapidly but so does extinction / Partial (intermittent) - sometimes reinforced, sometimes not / Fixed-ratio = behavior reinforced after a set number of times. Ex = give pigeon food ever 3 times it pecks dot / Continuous - learning occurs rapidly but so does extinction / Partial (intermittent) - sometimes reinforced, sometimes not / Fixed-ratio = behavior reinforced after a set number of times. Ex = give pigeon food ever 3 times it pecks dot

11. Con’t / Variable-ratio = reinforcers after unpredictable number of responses / Ex = give pigeon food after 2 pecks, then 1 peck, then 4 pecks, then 3 pecks, etc / gambling / Variable-ratio = reinforcers after unpredictable number of responses / Ex = give pigeon food after 2 pecks, then 1 peck, then 4 pecks, then 3 pecks, etc / gambling

12. fixed-interval / Reinforce after a set amount of time / Ex = check mail as delivery time approaches / Does not produce steady rate of response (choppy, start-stop) / Reinforce after a set amount of time / Ex = check mail as delivery time approaches / Does not produce steady rate of response (choppy, start-stop)

13. Variable-interval / Reinforces first response after varying time / Produces slow, steady responding / See chart 8.10 on page 331 / Reinforces first response after varying time / Produces slow, steady responding / See chart 8.10 on page 331

14. punishment / Opposite of reinforcement / Punishment DECREASES behavior / Issues with human punishment / Spanked children are at increased risk for aggression and depression. / Or - are kids who are aggressive and depressed get spanked more? / Opposite of reinforcement / Punishment DECREASES behavior / Issues with human punishment / Spanked children are at increased risk for aggression and depression. / Or - are kids who are aggressive and depressed get spanked more?

15. Punishment implications / Child may avoid behavior only when threat of punishment is near (temporary repression of behavior) / Physical punishment may increase that behavior by observing that type of modeling of coping skill. / Does not guide one to desirable behavior / Child may avoid behavior only when threat of punishment is near (temporary repression of behavior) / Physical punishment may increase that behavior by observing that type of modeling of coping skill. / Does not guide one to desirable behavior

16. Skinner / “what punishment teaches is how to avoid it) / Now and then punishment is necessary. Minimal use is best / “what punishment teaches is how to avoid it) / Now and then punishment is necessary. Minimal use is best

17. Cognition and operant conditioning / Cognitive maps / Latent learning / Can you recall all of the stores in Rancho strip? / Knowing more than you thought you knew is latent learning…learning is apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it / Cognitive maps / Latent learning / Can you recall all of the stores in Rancho strip? / Knowing more than you thought you knew is latent learning…learning is apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it

18. motivation / Intrinsic = desire to perform a behavior effectively for it’s own sake / Extrinsic = desire to behave in certain ways to gain external rewards / Tiger woods example (not most recent - yikes!) / Intrinsic = desire to perform a behavior effectively for it’s own sake / Extrinsic = desire to behave in certain ways to gain external rewards / Tiger woods example (not most recent - yikes!)

19. Biological predispositions / Animals and humans can be trained more easily and retain behavior if it is biologically instinctive. / Answer “ask yourself” on page 340 / Animals and humans can be trained more easily and retain behavior if it is biologically instinctive. / Answer “ask yourself” on page 340

20. Learning by observation / Learning by viewing others / Animals do it too / Modeling = observing and imitating specific behaviors / Mirror neurons - empathy, brain scan / Learning by viewing others / Animals do it too / Modeling = observing and imitating specific behaviors / Mirror neurons - empathy, brain scan

21. Albert Bandura / Bobo doll experiment/aggression / Prosocial models also work / TV and observational learning / Page 345 bullets / Bobo doll experiment/aggression / Prosocial models also work / TV and observational learning / Page 345 bullets