1. Bethami A. Dobkin Roger C. Pace Communication in a Changing World McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. C H A P T E R Slide 1 6 Nonverbal Communication

2. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Nonverbal Communication Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal CommunicationBasic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Functions of Nonverbal Communication Types of Nonverbal Communication Using Nonverbal Communication Effectively and ResponsiblyUsing Nonverbal Communication Effectively and Responsibly

3. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication “We will try to persuade with our words, but if our words fail, we will try to persuade with out acts.” —Martin Luther King, Jr.

4. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is Not Language –Nonverbal communication is defined as messages expressed through symbols other than words –Also call nonlinguistic, a characteristic of nonverbal communication indicating that nonverbal messages are outside languages –The nonlinguistic nature of nonverbal communication makes nonverbal messages less precise than verbal symbols

5. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication “Emotion constantly finds expression in bodily position.” —Mabel Elsworth Todd, dancer, educator, author

6. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is Often Linked to Our Emotions –Most nonverbal communication is intrinsic, or inherently connected to our inner feelings or emotions –The intrinsic nature of nonverbal cues leads us to perceive them as more truthful or genuine than verbal communication –The intrinsic nature of nonverbal messages also makes some of them more universal than verbal messages

7. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is Highly Contextual –Nonverbal messages often get their precise meaning from the communication context Nonverbal Communication Is Influenced by Culture and Gender –The way we use and understand nonverbal messages is also dependent on our cultural knowledge and values

8. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Exploring Communication Concepts –Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication How do you differ from the general tendencies listed above? How are you similar? Why do you think men generally make less eye contact than women? What are some possible reasons that men use more space than women?

9. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is Continuous –Nonverbal message flow in continuous, or steady streams of cues rather than individual, distinct bits of information

10. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Figure 6-1. Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

11. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Functions of Nonverbal Communication Accenting Verbal Communication –Nonverbal cues accent verbal communications when they highlight, accentuate, emphasize, or draw attention to phrases or words Complementing Verbal Communication –Nonverbal clues complement verbal communication when they augment or add meaning to the interaction

12. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Functions of Nonverbal Communication Contradicting Verbal Communication –Nonverbal messages contradict when they oppose, deny, or disagree with verbal messages –A nonverbal cue that reveals emotions we are trying to conceal is called leakage Regulating Verbal Communication –We use nonverbal cues to regulate verbal messages by controlling, adjusting, or altering the flow of interaction

13. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Functions of Nonverbal Communication Repeating Verbal Communication –When we replicate or reiterate verbal messages with nonverbal gestures, we repeat our communication Can add intensity to a message Substituting for Verbal Communication –Nonverbal gestures substitute for verbal messages when they take the place of or replace verbal words or phrases

14. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Functions of Nonverbal Communication Figure 6-2. International Road Signs Because nonverbal signs are more universal than verbal languages, countries often substitute pictures of words on traffic signs. Can you understand the following international road signs? Which ones are more difficult or unclear? Why? Do you need some context (where and when the sign is posted) to understand the pictures?

15. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Functions of Nonverbal Communication Applying Communication Concepts –Emoticons How can using emoticons in e-mail help prevent miscommunication? How might they create misunderstandings? Why do some people dislike emoticons? What do you think when you see an emoticon in an e-mail message?

16. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Types of Nonverbal Communication Many of our nonverbal behaviors employ kinesics, the use of body motion to communicate nonverbally

17. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Types of Nonverbal Communication “Your expression is the most important thing you can wear.” —Sid Ascher, author

18. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Types of Nonverbal Communication Facial Expressions –Most nonverbal experts believe that your face is the richest source of nonverbal clues –We often try to control or mask our facial reaction to strong emotions by conforming to social norms called display rules

19. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Types of Nonverbal Communication Facial Expressions (continued) –Anderson (1999) identified five general display rules Simulation—displaying an emotion that you do not feel Intensification—displaying more emotion than you feel Neutralization—used to conceal something or protect privacy Miniaturization—displaying less emotion than you are experiencing Masking—displaying the emotion opposite to the one you are feeling

20. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Types of Nonverbal Communication Eye Contact –We seem to use prolonged eye contact to compensate for lack of physical proximity –Eye contact communicates involvement and interest

21. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Types of Nonverbal Communication Think It Over –Television and Display Rules Do we have norms about the display of emotion on television? How should news reporters react on camera to dangerous or tragic situations? How do celebrities, talk show guests, demonstrators, athletes, eyewitnesses to a crime, or people in the background of news reports act when a camera is pointed at them? How do we learn these display rules?

22. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Types of Nonverbal Communication “The soul, fortunately, has an interpreter— often an unconscious, but still a truthful interpreter—in the eye.” —Charlotte Brontë, English novelist

23. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Types of Nonverbal Communication Gestures –Gestures are defined as a significant movement of the body that expresses a message to a receiver (Thomas 1991) –Emblems are gestures with clear and specific meanings –Using Gestures to Regulate Interactions –Using Gestures to Adjust or Adapt –Using Gestures to Illustrate

24. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Types of Nonverbal Communication Gestures (continued) –Using Gestures to Regulate Interactions We use gestures to initiate, coordinate, and terminate communication –Using Gestures to Adjust or Adapt We also use gestures called adaptors to adjust or adapt to our environment –Using Gestures to Illustrate Speaker’s gestures, or illustrators, are important communicative tools that emphasize, accent, or clarify our verbal communication

25. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Types of Nonverbal Communication Proxemics –The study of space is called proxemics Personal Space 1. The intimate zone is the closest space and extends approximately 18 inches form your body 2. The personal zone extends from 18 inches to four feet from your body 3. The social zone extends four to eight feet from your body 4. The public zone extends beyond eight feet from your body Territoriality is the human need to mark and defend space

26. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Types of Nonverbal Communication Touch –Haptics is the use of touch to communicate nonverbally

27. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 Types of Nonverbal Communication Vocalics –Vocalics is the use of the voice to communicate nonverbally Probably the most important aspect of vocalics is voice quality 1. Rate is how fast you talk 2. Volume is the loudness of your voice 3. Inflection is the vocal emphasis you place on words

28. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 Types of Nonverbal Communication Odor –Odors are sometimes forgotten nonverbal cues, our sensory environment is full of pleasant and unpleasant smells that communicate a variety of messages –Culture plays a big role in what smells communicate

29. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Types of Nonverbal Communication “Smells coat us, swirl around us, enter our bodies, emanate from us. We live in constant wash of them. Still, when we try to describe a smell, words fail us like the fabrications they are. Words are small shapes in the gorgeous chaos of the world.” —Diane Ackerman, poet and journalist

30. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Types of Nonverbal Communication Time –Chronemics is the use of time to communicate Time as an Indicator of Money and Status –Time is a strong indicator of power and status in our society Time as an Indicator of Competence Cultural Views of Time –Many cultures view time as circular, in which events happen concurrently, called polychronic

31. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Types of Nonverbal Communication Artifacts –Artifacts is the use of objects to communicate nonverbally

32. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Using Nonverbal Communication Effectively and Responsibly Monitor Your Nonverbal Messages –The first step toward using nonverbal communication effectively is being conscious of the messages you are sending Avoid Intrusive Nonverbal Cues –Nonverbal communication is powerful, and it can easily be misused in ways that violate the privacy or to threaten others

33. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 Using Nonverbal Communication Effectively and Responsibly Remember the Cultural Context of Nonverbal Cues –Being sensitive to and tolerating the difference between cultures is one of the most important communication skills you can develop

34. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Summary Nonverbal communication is nonlinguistic and is often intrinsically connected to the emotions we feel Nonverbal communication can augment, repeat, or highlight words or phrases We use eye contact to compensate for lack of physical proximity, to regulate verbal interaction, to establish immediacy or closeness with others, and to exert control or dominance

35. McGraw-Hill © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35 Summary Kinesics is the use of body movement to communicate nonverbally Proxemics is the use of space to communicate nonverbally Touch conveys a variety of messages depending upon the relationship of the people touching We use our voice to communicate messages other than words