1. War Erupts CHAPTER 16, SECTION 1

2.  Fort Sumter – a federal fort located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Southern attack on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of the Civil War  Robert E. Lee – General in the Confederate army; from Virginia  Border state – a slave state that bordered states in which slavery was illegal  King Cotton – cotton was called king because cotton was important to the world market, and the South grew most of the cotton for Europe’s mills  Anaconda Plan – a strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War  Blockade – when armed forces prevent the transportation of goods or people into or out of an area  First Battle of Bull Run – an 1861 battle of the Civil War in which the South shocked the North with a victory  neutral – not favoring either side  martial law – a type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens’ rights are suspended KEY TERMS

3.  Look at the chart on page 484. Which side had more people and more factories?  Which of the resources do you think would be most critical to winning a war? BELL RINGER

4. Identify the states that supported the Union, the states that seceded, and the states whose loyalties were divided. Describe the advantages each side had in the war. Compare the different strategies used by the North and the South. Summarize the results of the First Battle of Bull Run. Objectives

5. Why did both the North and the South think they would easily win the war? Many Northerners and Southerners were confident that their side would win a quick victory. But both faced many challenges. The North had a greater population and more resources. The South had a more experienced military.

6.  Confederacy took over federal forts inside their borders  Fort Sumter remained under Union control  If Lincoln sent supplies, he risked war  If he ordered the troops to leave, he was giving in to the rebels  Lincoln tells South Carolina he is sending supply ships  Confederate leaders attack before the ships arrive FIRST SHOTS AT FORT SUMTER

7.  1. Why did Lincoln decide to risk war by resupplying Fort Sumter?  They were running out of supplies  April 12, 1861 at 4:30am – Civil War begins  Federal troops surrender  No one is killed FIRST SHOTS AT FORT SUMTER

9. Some people think Lincoln’s dismissal caused more southern states to secede. After the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked states to send troops to end what he called a “rebellion.” It did not appear that he thought the conflict would get bigger. The western counties of Virginia refused to secede. These joined the Union as the state of West Virginia.

10. “It seems as if we never were alive till now; never had a country till now.”  2. How did states in the upper South respond to Lincoln’s call- up of militia?  With anger  Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas vote to secede  3. How did Virginia’s decision to secede improve the South’s chances of winning?  Virginia was wealthy and populous  Home of Robert E. Lee, a talented military leader  Confederacy moved their capital to Richmond LINCOLN CALLS OUT THE MILITIA

11. A key question for both sides was whether the border states would side with the Union or the Confederacy. Possession of the border states was critical because it meant control of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

12.  Border States  Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri  4. Why were the border states important?  Location  Resources  Maryland – if they seceded, Washington, D.C. would be cut off  Kentucky – important for the rivers  Union – Rivers an invasion route  South – Rivers provide a barrier CHOOSING SIDES

14. Four border states did not secede: DelawareDelaware supported the Union. KentuckyKentucky started out neutral. After it was invaded by southern troops, Kentucky supported the Union. MissouriPresident Lincoln used force to keep Missouri in the Union. MarylandLincoln placed Maryland under martial law to keep it in the Union.

15. a larger population more acres of farmland more factories more railroad tracks The North was confident that it would win the war by taking advantage of its resources. These included: The North was able to field, feed, and equip larger armies.

16. The Union had an advantage over the Confederacy in resources.

17. On the other hand, the South had the advantage of land. If the North wanted to seize southern land, northern troops would have to invade unfamiliar areas. Also, the South had more experienced leaders. Three generals, including Robert E. Lee, had resigned from the U.S. Army to help the South.

18. UNION  Manpower  22 million vs. 9 million people  Resources  85% of factories located in the North  Double the railroad mileage  Naval power & shipyards in the North  President Lincoln CONFEDERATE “All we ask is to be let alone.”  Fighting to protect their homes  Familiar with the land  Generals  Robert E. Lee  Fighting a defensive war  Northern supply lines would be stretched 5. WHAT WERE THE STRENGTHS OF EACH SIDE?

19. The North planned a multipart strategy to defeat the South. Blockade southern ports. Seize Richmond. Gain control of the Mississippi River and split the South in two.

20. The South had a simpler strategy. They also sought help from Britain and other European nations that relied on the South for cotton. Southerners believed that they only needed to defend their land until the northern armies got tired of fighting.

21.  6. What did the Confederacy expect to gain by withholding cotton from the market?  They hoped to force France and Britain to aid the Confederate cause THE CONFEDERATE STRATEGY

22.  7. What was the goal of the Anaconda Plan, and what were its drawbacks?  Smother the South’s economy  Naval blockade  Control MS River  Seize Richmond  Drawback – would take time to work  8. How did each side’s strategy change as the war continued?  South gave up on cotton and took the offensive  North suffered a defeat and had to become more defensive THE UNION STRATEGY

24. Many of these soldiers were young and inexperienced. When the Civil War began, thousands of soldiers volunteered for the Union and Confederate armies. Both sides had their plans, but challenges presented themselves at every turn.

25. Because many soldiers were unskilled, Union General Irvin McDowell wanted time to train his men. However, in the North, newspapers called for a quick end to the war. Union soldiers marched toward Richmond. During the First Battle of Bull Run, Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson and his men held firm.

26. During the battle, inexperienced Union soldiers panicked and then retreated. The Confederates were too exhausted to pursue them. Bull Run was an early sign that the war would be long and costly for both sides.

27.  9. What was the Union army’s strategic goal in the summer of 1861?  Invade Virginia  Take Richmond  They had to defeat the Confederates at Manassas first  What was located at Manassas?  10. What conclusions did each side draw from the Northern defeat at Bull Run?  Many in the South thought the war was won – they were happy  The North had underestimated the South – were shocked  Lincoln called for a real army of 500,000 (to serve for 3 years)  Had used 90-day militia men (75,000) FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN