2. Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. MacromoleculePolymerMonomer

4. Oooooh, BIG SCARY Science word!

5. What do these words mean?

6. So What Is A Macromolecule ? LARGE molecules

7. Next Word…..

8. Polygons Polygamy Polyester

9. MANY

10. What does “Mono” mean?

11. Definitions Macromolecule: a very large organic molecule Polymer: a large molecule made of long chains of repeating subunits. Monomer: the individual component of a polymer

14. Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids ‏

15. Carbohydrates

16. WHAT ARE THEY? They are molecules that are used by living organisms as a source of energy. Composed of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

17. #1. CARBOHYDRATES MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharidesCelluloseChitin

18. 1. Monosaccharides simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose

19. 2. 2.Disaccharides (Di means 2) - two monosaccharides bonded together. ex. maltose = glucose + glucose lactose = glucose + galactose sucrose = glucose + fructose

20. 3. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates aka: starches) - polysaccharide chains (called polymers) may contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together.

21. Function of Monosaccarides and disaccharides Provide quick energy

22. Polysaccharides Examples a) glycogen – made & stored by liver cells - can be broken down when needed b) cellulose – material that plant cell walls are made of. Animals cannot break this down. c) starch – made & stored by plants during photosynthesis

23. d) Chitin Hard exterior skeletons of insects and crustaceans

24. Function: Store energyStore energy Tough composition in cell wallTough composition in cell wall Tough exterior of insectTough exterior of insect

25. Lipids

26. WHAT ARE THEY? Major energy storage molecules Composed of carbon, oxygen & hydrogen

27. #2. LIPIDS Oils Fats (Saturated & Unsaturated) WaxesPhospholipidsSteroids

28. Function: Store energyStore energy Make up the cell membraneMake up the cell membrane Act as a Chemical messengerAct as a Chemical messenger

29. Proteins

30. WHAT ARE THEY? They are unbranched polymers of amino acids that link up to create a number of things Ex: hair, skin, feathers, blood clots, ect.

31. What are Amino Acids? They are like the building blocks that make up protein. There are 20 different ‘blocks’

32. Structure Unbranched amino acids

33. There are 20 different types of amino acids 8 are essential (humans have to obtain them from food)

34. Peptide Bond Linkage that forms between amino acid subunits

35. Polypeptide Small chain of amino acids

36. Protein synthesis Cells make proteins by joining amino acids Same sequence of amino acids = same shape

37. Enzymes Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction (CATALYST) Eg. amylase helps us digest carbs Protein that acts as a messenger (ex: insulin) Protein that supports bones/cartilage/tendons (Ex: Collagen)

38. Denaturation High temps may cause protein to change shape eg. heat can denature proteins in hair so people can temporarily curl or straighten hair

39. Nucleic Acids

40. Nitrogenous Bases 4 types: 1. adenine (A) 2. guanine (G) 3. thymine (T) 4. cytosine (C)

41. Types of Nucleic Acids 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Double helix structure Holds double helix together

42. Function - Contains genetic code and info about proteins

43. 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) Single chain

44. Functions Used as a messenger of genetic info Form part of ribosome structure