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Published byGervase King Modified over 8 years ago
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Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. MacromoleculePolymerMonomer
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Oooooh, BIG SCARY Science word!
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What do these words mean?
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So What Is A Macromolecule ? LARGE molecules
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Next Word…..
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Polygons Polygamy Polyester
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MANY
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What does “Mono” mean?
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Definitions Macromolecule: a very large organic molecule Polymer: a large molecule made of long chains of repeating subunits. Monomer: the individual component of a polymer
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Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
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WHAT ARE THEY? They are molecules that are used by living organisms as a source of energy. Composed of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
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#1. CARBOHYDRATES MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharidesCelluloseChitin
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1. Monosaccharides simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose simple sugars: glucose, fructose, galactose
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2. 2.Disaccharides (Di means 2) - two monosaccharides bonded together. ex. maltose = glucose + glucose lactose = glucose + galactose sucrose = glucose + fructose
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3. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates aka: starches) - polysaccharide chains (called polymers) may contain hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together.
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Function of Monosaccarides and disaccharides Provide quick energy
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Polysaccharides Examples a) glycogen – made & stored by liver cells - can be broken down when needed b) cellulose – material that plant cell walls are made of. Animals cannot break this down. c) starch – made & stored by plants during photosynthesis
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d) Chitin Hard exterior skeletons of insects and crustaceans
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Function: Store energyStore energy Tough composition in cell wallTough composition in cell wall Tough exterior of insectTough exterior of insect
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Lipids
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WHAT ARE THEY? Major energy storage molecules Composed of carbon, oxygen & hydrogen
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#2. LIPIDS Oils Fats (Saturated & Unsaturated) WaxesPhospholipidsSteroids
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Function: Store energyStore energy Make up the cell membraneMake up the cell membrane Act as a Chemical messengerAct as a Chemical messenger
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Proteins
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WHAT ARE THEY? They are unbranched polymers of amino acids that link up to create a number of things Ex: hair, skin, feathers, blood clots, ect.
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What are Amino Acids? They are like the building blocks that make up protein. There are 20 different ‘blocks’
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Structure Unbranched amino acids
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There are 20 different types of amino acids 8 are essential (humans have to obtain them from food)
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Peptide Bond Linkage that forms between amino acid subunits
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Polypeptide Small chain of amino acids
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Protein synthesis Cells make proteins by joining amino acids Same sequence of amino acids = same shape
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Enzymes Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction (CATALYST) Eg. amylase helps us digest carbs Protein that acts as a messenger (ex: insulin) Protein that supports bones/cartilage/tendons (Ex: Collagen)
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Denaturation High temps may cause protein to change shape eg. heat can denature proteins in hair so people can temporarily curl or straighten hair
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Nucleic Acids
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Nitrogenous Bases 4 types: 1. adenine (A) 2. guanine (G) 3. thymine (T) 4. cytosine (C)
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Types of Nucleic Acids 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Double helix structure Holds double helix together
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Function - Contains genetic code and info about proteins
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2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) Single chain
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Functions Used as a messenger of genetic info Form part of ribosome structure
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