1. AIR POLLUTION HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT 6.5 Million Deaths Annually are Attributed to Air Pollution and Could Rise to 7.4 by 2050 with No Action International Energy Agency Assessment of Human Health Impacts of Air Pollution Analysis Air pollution is the fourth largest threat to human health according to the World Health Organization, behind high blood pressure, dietary risks, and smoking. Indoor air pollution deaths tend to be focused in poverty stricken areas where individuals are using solid fuels and wood for cooking. The International Energy Agency attributes the energy sector as being one of the root causes of the problem, but also the source of a majority of the cures. June 27, 2016 | Claire Carter Sources: Stanley Reed, “Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution,” New York Times, June 26, 2016; World Energy Outlook, “Energy and Air Pollution,” International Energy Agency, June 27, 2016; Nina Chestney, “Air Pollution to Kill Millions More Without Energy Policy Change:IEA,” Reuters, June 27,2016. ■ Current ■Projection for 2040, With No Changes Annual deaths linked to air pollution, in millions

2. AIR POLLUTION HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT Strategic Energy Transition Policies and Investments Can Have Significant Public Health Benefits Possible Solutions for Mitigating Air Pollution’s Human Health Impact Analysis of Clean Air Scenarios Air quality initiatives can have strong co- benefits in other policy areas, particularly in meeting the immediate goals of the Paris Climate Agreements. Coal is responsible for 60% of combustion related sulfur dioxide emissions and the effects of these combustion can easily become focused in cities. Clean cooking equipment can drastically reduce premature deaths particularly in developing Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Strong investments in energy including advanced pollution control technologies, like higher vehicle emissions standards can have significant benefits on emissions. According to the International Energy Association, increasing energy investment by 7% to 2040 could ensure premature deaths fall by 4.1 million. June 27, 2016 | Claire Carter Sources: Stanley Reed, “Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution,” New York Times, June 26, 2016; World Energy Outlook, “Energy and Air Pollution,” International Energy Agency, June 27, 2016; Nina Chestney, “Air Pollution to Kill Millions More Without Energy Policy Change:IEA,” Reuters, June 27,2016; NounProject, Francesca Ameglio, Phil Laver, Creative Stall. Establish Long Term Air Quality Goal Encourages an energy transition to lower emitting and polluting forms Higher efficiency standards aid in avoiding pollutants Create Clean Air Policies for Energy Sector Declines in emissions will occur in the industrialized nations, but a cost-effective set of direct emissions controls are still necessary Monitoring, Enforcement, Evaluation, and Communication Forming standards for data tracking is essential for ensuring proper evaluation and communication to public and policy practitioners