1. ENERGY & LIFE 8-1 http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQ K3Yr4Sc_k

3. _____________ can make their own food using energy from sunlight. Ex: Green plants, a few bacteria AUTOTROPHS http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

4. Remember from BIO 1 __________________ get energy by consuming other organisms Ex: Animals, fungi, most bacteria HETEROTROPHS http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

5. Images: http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? ACTIVE TRANSPORT Na+ - K + PUMP Endocytosis Exocytosis Animation from: Remember from BIO 1

6. WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? Movement Synthesis of biomolecules Reproduction Meiosis: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/ Cilia: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe Replication: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4c.asp Transcription:http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif Translation:

7. ATP Image by: Riedell http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm Remember from BIO 1 ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to store and transport ENERGY

8. CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY ATP = __________________________ Adenosine triphosphate ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS 3

9. ATP can change into ADP ADP = __________________________ Adenosine diphosphate ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS 2

10. ATP → ____ + ____ + http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html ATP releases energy stored in a high energy chemical bond by removing the phosphate and becoming ADP ADP

11. ADP + ___ + ________ → ___ The energy to do this comes from ____________ like _____________ Cells ________ energy by adding the phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP. ATP It’s like recharging the battery ! STORE FOODSGLUCOSE

12. ATP is useful BUT... ATP is great for TRANSFERRING ENERGY, but _____ good for storing ________ amounts of energy for the ______________. A single molecule of GLUCOSE stores more than _________the chemical energy. Cells only keep enough ATP around to last a few seconds and recharge it by burning___________. http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html NOTLARGE LONG TERM 90 times glucose

13. Example: GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 O 6 Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm CARBOHYDRATES contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O)

14. MONOSACCHARIDES Single sugar molecules C 6 H 12 O 6 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html C 5 H 10 O 5

15. CARBOHYDRATES are building blocks for other molecules ATP DNA & RNA POLYSACCHARIDES http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html ATP by Riedell http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biochemistry_notes_bi_ch3.htm

16. GLYCOGEN is the way _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later. Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif ANIMAL CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY

17. STARCH is the way _______ cells store GLUCOSE for later. Images from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch21/Slide24.jpg PLANT CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY

18. Photosynthesis

19. a metabolic pathway that converts light energy into chemical energy. is the process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protists use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar.

20. Photosynthesis

21. Method of converting sun energy into chemical energy usable by cells Autotrophs: self feeders, organisms capable of making their own food – Photoautotrophs: use sun energy e.g. plants photosynthesis-makes organic compounds (glucose) from light – Chemoautotrophs: use chemical energy e.g. bacteria that use sulfide or methane chemosynthesis-makes organic compounds from chemical energy contained in sulfide or methane

22. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis takes place in specialized structures inside plant cells called chloroplasts – Light absorbing pigment molecules e.g. chlorophyll

23. Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll.

24. Chloroplast

26. Chlorophyll

27. Visible Spectrum

28. Photosynthetic Pigments

29. 6H 2 O + 6CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (water) + (carbon dioxide) + (light)  (sugar) + (oxygen)

30. 30 Leaves and Photosynthesis

31. How Leaves Work

32. LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS See an animation about the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall SEE A MOVIE ATP SYNTHASE IN ACTION http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.sw http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf

33. 33 Light Reactions: Noncyclic Electron Pathway

34. 34 Light Reactions:

35. Light-dependent Reactions Overview: light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules-this light energy excites electrons and boosts them to higher energy levels. They are trapped by electron acceptor molecules that are poised at the start of a neighboring transport system. The electrons “fall” to a lower energy state, releasing energy that is harnessed to make ATP

36. Energy Shuttling Recall ATP: cellular energy-nucleotide based molecule with 3 phosphate groups bonded to it, when removing the third phosphate group, lots of energy liberated= superb molecule for shuttling energy around within cells. Other energy shuttles-coenzymes (nucleotide based molecules): move electrons and protons around within the cell NADP+, NADPH NAD+, NADP FAD, FADH 2

37. Light-dependent Reactions Photosystem: light capturing unit, contains chlorophyll, the light capturing pigment Electron transport system: sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons, energy released to make ATP Electrons in chlorophyll must be replaced so that cycle may continue-these electrons come from water molecules, Oxygen is liberated from the light reactions Light reactions yield ATP and NADPH used to fuel the reactions of the Calvin cycle (light independent or dark reactions)

39. Calvin Cycle (light independent or “dark” reactions) ATP and NADPH generated in light reactions used to fuel the reactions which take CO 2 and break it apart, then reassemble the carbons into glucose. Called carbon fixation: taking carbon from an inorganic molecule (atmospheric CO 2 ) and making an organic molecule out of it (glucose) Simplified version of how carbon and energy enter the food chain

41. 41 Calvin Cycle Reactions: Overview of C3 Photosynthesis A cyclical series of reactions Utilizes atmospheric carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates Known as C3 photosynthesis Involves three stages: Carbon dioxide fixation Carbon dioxide reduction RuBP Regeneration

42. CALVIN CYCLE (also called _________________________) ____________ require ____________ Happens in _________ between thylakoids NADPH donates _______________ ATP donates _________________ CO 2 donates ______________ to make __________ LIGHT LIGHT INDEPENDENT ENERGY STROMA Hydrogen + electrons Carbon & oxygen GLUCOSE http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html DOES NOT

43. CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Calvin Cycle

44. Photosynthesis includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Section 8-3 Concept Map

45. Photosynthesis includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Thylakoid membranes StromaNADPH ATP Energy from sunlight ATPNADPHO2O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars Section 8-3 Concept Map

46. 46 Photosynthesis Overview

47. Harvesting Chemical Energy So we see how energy enters food chains (via autotrophs) we can look at how organisms use that energy to fuel their bodies. Plants and animals both use products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them