1. Regulation of gene expression Fall, 2015 1

2. Gene Expression Regulation in Prokaryotes it includes : Control of transcription, little on translation How much mRNA is formed How many times it is translated How stable a protein after being made Amount of functional protein which is made 2

3. Operon Structure that is unique to prok. cells Grouping of genes with common function on the same location on DNA One promoter make single mRNA that encodes more than one gene More than one gene encoded on the mRNA 3

4. Lac operon 4

5. Inducible gene 5

6. No lactose 6

7. In the presence of lactose: allolactose as inducer 7

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10. Promoter seq. of lac operon: No TATA box like 10

11. CAP: helps RNA pol. to bind 11

12. X-gal: artificial indicator 12

13. IPTG: Confuses lac repressor which will bind to it and prevent repressor to bind to operator 13

14. Tryptophan operon Attenuation: for amino acid synthesis operon, 10 genes for Trp operon. Red seq: antiterminator blue seq: terminator 14

15. Plenty of Trp 15

16. Very little of Trp 16

17. Several operon regions of different amino acids 17

18. Eukaryotic gene expression Complex process Governed by differentiation and histones 18

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20. Nucleosomal core particle 20

21. Side view 21

22. schematic 22

23. Histones conservation of structure, similar structures, between and within organisims 23

24. supercoiling 24

25. DNA binding protein domain 25

26. Zinc fingers: portion of prot binding to DNA 26

27. Mediator: bridge the gap between TF and RNA plo. 27

28. Enhancers: sequences bound by proteins that affect transcription in a tissue specific manner 28

29. Transgenic chicken transformed with muscle enhancers, gene expression during development 29

30. Covalent modification to DNA: methylation if happened in promoter or regulatory sequence tends to silence the gene, methylation is an example of epigenetic transmitting to generations 30

31. Hormones could affect gene expression. Esradiol affects expression of many genes 31

32. Mechanism of action of estradiol: interacts with Nuclear Domain Receptor protein which has 2 domains; DNA binding domain and ligand binding domain which estradiol 32

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35. Tamoxifen interferes with the action of estradiol, it binds the nuclear receptor and thus inhibit binding of coactivator 35

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37. Coactivators are enzymes that acetylate histones(Histone acetylases) 37

38. Bromo domain proteins will recognize acetyllysine, so these bromodomain proteins will bind to histones; remodeling engine 38

39. Remodeling engine opens up access to promoter to all other proteins and transcription factors 39

40. Control of expression at translation level: -ferritin: binds to iron -transferrin receptor: controls how much iron gets in. control at translation and stability of mRNA 40

41. mRNA for ferritin -iron response element: This structure is a target to a protein that recognize it- iron response protein (IRP), IRP could bind iron at high iron level. -At low iron level: IRP bind IRE and prevents translation of ferr. mRNA -if high iron level: translation will go a head? 41

42. mRNA transferrin receptor: -low iron: IRP binds and stabilizes the mRNA  high translation -high iron: IRP will not bind IRE, mRNA will be degraded  no translation 42

43. Micro RNA: Regulation at the level of mRNA stability 700 human genes are regulated by this mechanism 43