1. Unit 1 Lecture 1

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3. Causes and effects 3

4. European Exploration Why did Europeans start exploring more in the 1500s? Three reasons Technology, Mercantilism, Improved geographical skills 1. TECHNOLOGY: Stern-post rudders (1300s) More complex and improved rigging (multiple masts, multiple sails) Effect: ships were easier to maneuver Use of compass (from China) 4

5. Exploration Continued 2. MERCANTILISM Definition: an economic system in which the government controls trade in order to build up its treasury Monarchs supported research and voyages because they wanted profit and to convert other peoples to Christianity 3. IMPROVED GEOGRAPHIC SKILLS Translation of Ptolemy’s Geography helped improve European mapmaking Invention of the atlas in the 16 th century Better map projections were invented 5

6. Exploration Continued Importance of Portugal Long coast line Henry “the Navigator,” brother of the King of Portugal Started many voyages to explore, primarily for commercial goods https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcdO0QTmxIU 6

7. Exploration Continued Competition between Spain and Portugal Columbus in 1492 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas—Pope Alexander VI divided the land in this way: Portugal got all lands east of the line and Spain all lands west 7

8. Exploration Continued--Effects Negative: Killing of native peoples Slave trade Positive: New raw materials and new markets for European production (triangular trade route) Spread of crops among the 3 continents (e.g. potato) 8

9. Early Modern Europe—1500-1750 Slow and steady population growth: 1500--80 million people 1700—150 million people After 1750, the growth of Europe becomes more exponential than linear Europe’s percentage of the world population goes up Consequently, Europeans were looking for other places to settle 9

10. The Middle Passage 10

11. Slave Trade 11 Europe Slavery had died out except for some Arab and Turkish possessions First slaves who went to Europe were sold at Lisbon in 1444 Portugal set up permanent slave base in West Africa Americas Turning point: in the mid-16th century, slaves were shipped for the first time to Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America Result: HUGE growth of slave trade https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9 _O3TWFFmoM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9 _O3TWFFmoM

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14. Slave Trade Continued: Portuguese Traders 14

15. Slave Trade Continued Effects: Between 9 and 10 million slaves were sent to the Western Hemisphere in total 80% of these were shipped after 1700, so the rate of trade increased 10% died on the ships Racial prejudice, emotional and physical toll on slaves Conversion of slaves to Christianity, first in Latin American missions Missionaries often mistreated people as well 15

16. Slave Trade Continued Effects continued: Slave rebellions, first in Latin America Abolition movement, which started in England and France in 18th century Africa—huge loss of people, importation of products, new diseases, family destruction 16

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18. Latin American Explorers Once the Ottoman Empire was created in 1453, Europeans had difficulty gaining spices and other trade items that they were used to having They began to explore new sea routes to get these products Some explorers made a bigger impact than others 18

19. Latin American Explorers Continued Vasco da Gama In 1497 he set sail from Lisbon to find spices in India by sailing around Africa, successful voyage Brought back a large amount of pepper and cinnamon for sale https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFIyuYPP6PE 19

20. Latin American Explorers Continued Christopher Columbus Goal: to reach Asia by sailing west Portugal (where he was living at the time) would not pay for his voyage! Spain sponsored the voyage and Italian bankers paid for it 20

21. Columbian Exchange Definition: “the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human population, and disease pathogens” after Columbus’ voyage (Bentley 486) 21

22. Columbian Exchange Continued Transfer of Disease Smallpox affected millions of Latin Americans, killed most and left terrible scars on survivors In 1519 smallpox affected the Aztecs and caused a 90% population drop Other significant diseases included measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza Between 1500-1800, approximately 100 million people died in Americas and Pacific Islands 22

23. Columbian Exchange Continued Transfer of new products People’s tastes changed, ex. Europe with tobacco, sugar, coffee, and tea Potato allowed many places in Europe to have bigger populations Hugely profitable Transfer of food led to increased nutrition for the entire world, e.g. wheat from Eurasia to Western Hemisphere 23

24. Columbian Exchange Continued Effects of Transfer: Population growth in both Europe and the Americas Increased migration By 1700, the Dutch trade was eclipsed by the English and the French They started their own slave posts in West Africa instead of going through middlemen 24

25. Vast and complex 25

26. Spanish Empire Caribbean Central part of the empire In 1498 Santo Domingo became the capital of the empire Encomienda system Spanish settlers forced native peoples to work in their fields or mines and were supposed to give them protection, health care, and convert them to Christianity in return Slavery in all but name They treated slaves in a condescending way 26

27. A typical encomienda 27

28. Spanish Empire Continued Conquistadors Hernan Cortes--Mexico Conquered the Aztec between 1519-1521 Seeking gold Brutal battle and execution of their leader Cuauhtemoc Reasons for success: guns, swords, horses, internal division, smallpox and siege https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oicgynllrfY 28

29. Spanish Empire Continued Conquistadors continued Francisco Pizarro Conquered the Incas in Peru between 1532-1533 Reasons for success: some internal conflict, disease Conquest of Peru took longer than that of Mexico This is the focus of Guns, Germs, and Steel part 2 29