1. Environmental Laws, Economics, and Ethics Chapter 2

2. Environmental History of U.S. 1600 1700 1800 1900 Dominated by the frontier attitude

3. Environmental History of U.S. 1750 1800 1900 Some conservationists were influential in raising environmental concerns later in this period. John James Audubon Henry David Thoreau George Perkins Marsh

4. Environmental History of U.S. 1850 1900 1950 Several presidents, particularly Theodore Roosevelt, used this Act to establish 43 million acres of forest reserves. 1891 General Revision Act 1872 1 st National Park: Yellowstone 1890 Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks

5. Environmental History of U.S. 1850 1900 1950 Different worldviews Theodore Roosevelt - utilitarian John Muir - preservationist

6. Environmental History of U.S. 1900 1950 2000 Franklin Roosevelt establishes CCC (1933) and SCS (1935) Aldo Leopold’s A Sand County Almanac published posthumously (1949)

7. Environmental History of U.S. 1900 1950 2000 Rachel Carson published Silent Spring (1962)

8. Environmental History of U.S. 1900 1950 2000 Paul Ehrlich published The Population Bomb 1968 Wilderness Act of 1964, spurred on by Wallace Stegner First Earth Day 1970

9. Early US National Parks and Forests 1872 - Congress establishes Yellowstone National Park 1890 - Congress establishes Yosemite and Sequoya National Parks (John Muir was instrumental in this) 1891 - General Revision Act gives President power to establish forest reserves on federally owned land Presidents Harrison, Cleveland, and Theodore Roosevelt form 17.4 mil hectares (43 mil acres) of forest reserve

10. Early US National Parks and Forests 1905 - T. Roosevelt appoints Gifford Pinchot first head of US Forest service 1906 - Congress passes the Antiquities Act gives President ability to create National Monuments 1907 - Congress passes bill preventing presidents from establishing more forest reserves… …T. Roosevelt designates 21 more… …and then signs the bill into law.

11. Most Common Names Rachel Carson – water pollution, Silent Spring Barry Commoner – Ozone, Closing Circle Hugh Bennet - soil conservation Lois Marie Gibbs – Love canal Al Gore – Inconvenient Truth Garrett Hardin – Tragedy of the Commons John Muir – naturalist, author, founded Sierra Club Gifford Pinchot – US Forest Service Theodore Roosevelt – set aside land national forests Aldo Leopold – Sand County Almanac Wallace Stegener - “Wilderness Essay” helped create support for Wildeness act of 1964

12. Environmental History of U.S.

13. U.S. Environmental Legislation National Environmental Policy Act – dictates ALL federally proposed actions draft an environmental impact statement.

14. U.S. Environmental Legislation Addressing New Environmental Problems with Government Policies Problem identified Regulations implemented / enforced by states (usually) US congressperson drafts legislation Legislation passed, signed by president Full-cost accounting evaluation EPA develops regulations Public comments OMB reviews / approves funding

15. U.S. Environmental Legislation Many environmental laws have been passed: Clean Air Act (1970) (Amended in 1990) Clean Water Act (1972) Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972) Endangered Species Act (1973) Energy Policy and Conservation Act (1975) Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976) National Forest Management Act (1976) Toxic Substances Control Act (1976) Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (1977) Medical Waste Tracking Act Food Quality Protection Act (1996) Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (2002)

16. Most Common Laws Air Clean Air Act 1970 ammended 1977 & 1990 Montreal Protocol 1987 – cut CFC’s Kyoto Protocol 1997- greenhouse gases Water Clean Water Act 1972 Safe drinking water Act 1974

17. More Laws Wildlife Conservation Endangered Species Act 1973 Lacey Act 1990 Toxic Substances Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, & Liability Act 1980 ( CERCLA) Superfund Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 1975, (HAZMAT)

18. More laws Pesticides Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,& Rodenticide Act 1947, ( FIFRA) Noise Noise Control Act 1965 Solid Waste Mining Act 1872 Solid Waste Disposal Act 1965

19. Environmental Agencies Bureau Of Land Management ( BLM) Center for Disease control (CDC) Department of Energy (DOE) Food & Drug Administration (FDA) National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) formerly Soil Conservation Service United States Geological Survey ( USGS)

20. U.S. Environmental Legislation What has been their effect since 1970? 8 National Parks, National Wilderness Preservation System Substantial soil erosion reduction Many endangered species fairing better Emissions of many pollutants reduced

21. Economics and the Environment Source Raw Materials Economy ProductionConsumption Products Money Sinks Waste

22. Economics and the Environment National Income Accounts Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Net Domestic Product (NDP) NDP = GDP - depreciation & capital expenses BUT, consuming nonrenewable natural resources typically NOT accounted

23. Economics and the Environment National Income Accounts Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Net Domestic Product (NDP) NDP = GDP - depreciation & capital expenses In addition, degradation of natural resources by pollution also typically NOT accounted External costs rarely considered

24. Economics and the Environment Marginal cost of pollution

25. Economics and the Environment Marginal cost of pollution abatement

26. Economics and the Environment Cost-Benefit Analysis

27. Economics and the Environment Cost-Benefit Analysis

28. Economics and the Environment Common problems with economic analyses: 1) Reduction in quality of life and natural beauty difficult to assess. 2) Fails to consider unexpected catastrophic environmental damage.

29. Economics and the Environment Economic strategies for pollution control: 1) Command and control regulations 2) Incentive-based regulation

30. Economics and the Environment Case-in-Point: Environmental Problems in Central and Eastern Europe

31. Environmental Ethics, Values, and Worldviews Environmental Ethics: What is characterized by the ends? Where would you place yourself along this spectrum of worldviews? Deep Ecology Western