1. Chapter 7 Ethnicity

2. An ethnicity is a group of people who share a cultural background It is not always clear It is subjective But it is important in identification- how people identify themselves and others (for better and worse)

3. Race A group of people who share a biological ancestor There is only one human race, but humans have certain genetic traits that are passed down Races are groups with these shared traits But people have tried to classify themselves based on one major genetic trait- skin color The result is that people often classify themselves according to race

4. Why is ethnicity so important if it’s so muddled? It is such an important form of identification for people It can unite people It can divide people It is a huge factor in where people live or choose to move to or from It is also the strongest bulwark for the preservation of local diversity

5. Refugees fleeing Rwanda 1994

6. Chapter 7 Section 1: Where are ethnicities distributed?

7. Distribution of Ethnicities Ethnicities in the United States –Clustering of ethnicities –African American migration patterns Differentiating ethnicity and race –Race in the United States –Division by race in South Africa

8. In the United States 4 major ethnic groups: –Hispanics (Latinos) 14 percent –African Americans 12 percent –Asian Americans 4 percent –Amerindian 1 percent

9. In the US Ethnicities tend to cluster together in –Regions (like the south, the north, along the coast, etc…) –In cities (more diversity, more likely to be people like you, easier to set aside neighborhoods)

10. African-Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

11. Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

12. Asian Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

13. Native Americans in the U.S. Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

14. Ethnicities in Chicago Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

15. Ethnicities in Los Angeles Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

16. Ethnic Diversity, New York City

17. Ethnic Clusterings Result from: –History –Migrations –Desire to be with people like you –Segregation –Integration –Economic status –Stereotypes

18. Confusion over Race and Ethnicity Asians are considered a race Asian Americans are an ethnicity Mostly the same group lumped together

19. Confusion over Race and Ethnicity Black is considered a race African American is an ethnicity Some blacks trace their heritage to other parts of the world Different ethnicities

20. Confusion over Race and Ethnicity Hispanics/Latinos are not considered a race (they are usually considered white or black race wise) They are an ethnicity

21. Confusion over Race and Ethnicity White is a race European Americans (people who migrated recently from Europe) are ethnicities Jewish Americans is an example, or Polish Americans

22. Confusion over Race and Ethnicity Traits that characterize race are focused on genetically transmitted traits passed from parents to children (a common biological ancestor) It is often focused on superficial features- skin color, hair type, blood traits, height, etc… It can also focus on medical predispositions and immunities

23. Classification of Races Often leads to dividing people up Can lead to racism- discrimination against someone based on their race A racist believes in racism Geographers study ethnicity because it ties people to particular places Race does not necessarily Geographers study race because it influences people socially and spatially when they make choices

24. Ethnicity We will focus on ethnicity more than race in this class because it ties people together with a common heritage not just a superficial relation of some ancient biological common ancestor

25. African American Distribution in the US Results from history and waves of migration –Immigration from Africa to the American colonies and US in the 1600s-1800s –Immigration from the US South to northern cities during the early 20 th century –Immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during the late 20 th and early 21 st centuries

26. African American Distribution in the US Slavery Civil War Reconstruction Sharecropping Segregation and Jim Crow Laws 2 nd Industrial Revolution WWI Great Migration WWII Suburbanization White Flight Integration Urban movements

27. Triangular Slave Trade Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

28. African Source Areas for Slavery Fig. 7.7: Europeans obtained African slaves mainly from the western coast of Africa. Arabs and others also obtained slaves from Eastern Africa.

29. Diagram of a Slave Ship

30. Cotton Sharecroppers in U.S.

31. African American Migration in the U.S., 20 th century Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

32. African Americans in Baltimore Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

33. Segregation in the U.S.

34. South African Apartheid Apartheid is the physical separation of different races into geographic areas South Africans were classified at birth as one of four races- black, white, colored (mix of black and white), or Asian Affected where you lived and your status Ran by a white government

35. South Africa Created by descendents of whites who arrived in South Africa from Holland in 1652 The Boers (Dutch word for Farmer) or Afrikaners The British took over in 1795 South Africa won independence in 1948

36. South African Apartheid Dismantling apartheid in 1991 Took away restrictions Nelson Mandela led the movement He became the first black president Whites were guaranteed representation for the first five years after the system was ended Now governed by the black majority

37. Black “Homelands” in South Africa Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

38. Train Station Stairs for Whites South Africa under Apartheid

39. Train Station Stairs for Blacks South Africa under Apartheid