1. T F d O ε α E Φ R R cos(Φ) R sin(Φ) α=f(E, Φ) ε=g(E, Φ) Figure 7-1

2. Figure 7-2

3. Figure 7-3 α0α0 R L r c planar sound wave α0α0 rα 0 r sinα 0 α0α0

4. Figure 7-4 Left Cochlea Right Cochlea AVCN AN MSO AVCN AN mammalian ILD pathway midline + + + + SBC C

5. Figure 7-5 Interaural Time Delay [μs] A B -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 0 50 100 0 40 80 100 60 20 Percent of Maximum Firing Rate [Hz] 500 Hz 650 Hz 800 Hz 950 Hz 1100 Hz 1250 Hz 1400 Hz 1700 Hz Noise Tones

6. Spike-time dependent Hebbian Learning t (ms) WL(t) A B C decrease increase post: 2 kHz post: 5 kHz pre-training Figure 7-6

7. Figure 7-7 hu human gerbil 0 0.250.5-0.25-0.5 0.5 1.5 1.0 Interaural Phase Difference (cycles) Frequency (kHz) physiological range human: ΔIPD ~ ±0.75 ⋅ f gerbil: ΔIPD ~ ±0.11 ⋅ f ΔIPD

8. Figure 7-8 R MSO R L midline to MSO L ipsi contra from NTB L Excit. Inhib. 0 physiological range Interaural Time Difference L R

9. Figure 7-9 HSE (dB) Azimuth (deg) -50 -25 0 25 50 -15 -10 0 10 15 5 -5 Far Ear Near Ear

10. Figure 7-10 incident wave scattered wave sphere shadow

11. Figure 7-11

12. Figure 7-12 Left Cochlea Right Cochlea AVCN AN MNTB LSO AVCN AN mammalian ILD pathway midline + + + _ + ILD GBC SBC

13. Figure 7-13 x y R L α h h S αRαR αLαL d dRdR dLdL 2 r

14. Figure 7-14 A B path 1 direct path 2 direct path 3 direct path 1 reflected path 2 reflected path 3 reflected path 4 direct path 4 reflected

15. Amplitude (dB) 0 10 -10 15 5 -5 Elevation (deg) -40 -20 0 20 40 60 4 2 1 8 16 Frequency (kHz) low elevation high elevation ear canal Figure 7-15

16. Figure 7-16 5 10 15 20 24 -20 0 +20 260 180 90 0 -90 Frequency [kHz] [dB] Elevation [deg] HRTFs calculated with FDTD method

17. Figure 7-17

18. Figure 7-18 Type IV Type II Wide Band BF HF LF To IC _ _ _ + + + + + Type II Wide-Band BF LF HF High Level Low Level Activity Type IV frequency

19. Figure 7-19 r=1 r=0.5 r=0

20. ε=0 ε=20 ε=40 ε=60 ε=80 ε=90 ε=-20 ε=-40 dε dα Figure 7-20

21. Figure 7-21 S r direct reflected ΔT 1 reflected ΔT 2 reflected ΔT 3 reflected ΔT n r 11 r 12 L w()