3. The Water Cycle http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/earth/hydrocycle/hydro3.html

5. What is Water Budget? balance in the water cycle means the average annual precipitation over Earth equals the amount of water that evaporates the worlds water budget is in balance because precipitation = evaporation local water budgets (that of a particular area) are NOT balanced due to temperature, presence of vegetation, wind, and amount and duration of rainfall

7. Water Conservation each person in the U.S. uses 575 liters of water each day on average –bathing, washing clothes, dishes, brushing teeth, watering lawn, carrying waste away, drinking

9. Agriculture and industry use the greatest amount of water

10. 90% of this used water is returned to rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

11. http://wwwga.usgs.gov/edu/wwvisit.html

12. What are the 2 ways to ensure water is there tomorrow? conserve, conserve, conserve! desalination (removing salt from the ocean water) Desalination Plant in Key West, FL

13. What are the parts of a River Systems?

14. watershed land from which water runs off into streams (drainage basin)

15. Surf your watershed http://www.epa.gov/surf/ Know your watershed http://ctic.purdue.edu/kyw/kyw.html

16. tributaries feeder streams that flow into a main river

17. divide ridges or elevated regions of high ground that separate watersheds headwaters beginning of a stream

19. Stream Erosion

20. channel the path that a stream follows

21. bank bed

22. headward erosion process of lengthening and branching of a stream

23. What is stream piracy? the capture of a stream in one watershed by a stream with a higher rate of erosion in another watershed

24. Stage 1 - Beaverdam Creek, Gap Run, and Goose Creek flow eastward through the Blue Ridge and enter the Potomac.

25. Stage 2 - As the land is eroded downward, the three east flowing creeks do not have the power to erode as far through the Blue Ridge as the Shenandoah, Potomac system. The Shenandoah extends itself southward by headward erosion through the relatively high land west of the Blue Ridge. It eventually captures Beaverdam Creek.

26. Stage 3 - The capture of Beaverdam Creek added more discharge to the Shenandoah which was able to therefore erode more. Headward erosion leads to the capture of Gap Run. The water gaps where Beaverdam Creek and Gap Run used to flow through the Blue Ridge are left as wind gaps.

27. Stage 4 - Eventually Goose Creek is captured as well. Snicker's Gap, Ashby Gap, and Manassas Gap are left as wind gaps. As the land on either side of the ridge is eroded down together with the ridge summit, the relative elevation of the wind gaps becomes higher and higher.

28. What are the types of channel erosion? stream load: material carried by a stream

29. dissolved load: mineral matter transported in liquid solution

30. suspended load: particles of fine grains and silt suspended in the water

31. bed load: large, coarser sand, gravel, and pebbles that move along the bottom

32. Bed

35. discharge volume of water moved by a stream within a given time gradient steepness of a stream’s slope distance the water travels in a period of time velocity What factors affect stream erosion?

38. River Systems

39. What are the features of a Youthful river? straight erodes rapidly V-shaped few tributaries has waterfalls and rapids

43. What are the features of a Mature river? meandering (winding) slow erosion U-shaped lots of tributaries holds lots of water

49. What are the features of an Old river? gradient and velocity decreases no more erosion more meandering

51. What is a water gap? notch formed where the stream has eroded its channel

52. What is Stream Deposition? as the velocity of a stream decreases, it drops the sediment it was carrying

53. What are deposition features created by rivers?

54. 1. delta underwater deposit of sediment at the mouth of a stream into a lake or ocean

57. 2. alluvial fan fan-shaped deposit at the base of a slope on land

60. 3. floodplain part of the valley floor that may be covered with water during a flood

64. 4. natural levee raised riverbank that results when a river deposits its load at the river’s edge

68. Flood Control

69. artificial levee

70. dams

73. Ohio River Flooding

74. What is Groundwater ? underground water that fills almost all the pores in rock and sediment -makes up 90% of the Earth’s liquid freshwater

76. What is Porosity? refers to the percentage of open spaces in rock or sediment

78. What affects Porosity? 1. sorting: amount of uniformity in size of particle in a rock or sediment -same size particles=large porosity -different size particles= small porosity 2. way particles are packed together –packed loosely= high porosity - packed tightly= low porosity

81. What is Permeability? how freely water passes through open spaces in rock or sediment -open spaces must be connected to be permeable !

83. Impermeable : rock or sediment that water cannot flow through

84. Groundwater Vocabulary Terms zone of saturation: layer of groundwater where all pores are full aquifer: underground body of water (underground lake); can have sediments and rock in it water table: upper surface of the zone of saturation

86. capillary fringe: where water is drawn up by capillary action from zone of saturation zone of aeration: zone that lies between water table and surface (remains dry except during rainfall) soil-water region: space around soil accumulates water

90. Ground water flow depends on permeability of aquifer and gradient of its water table. Gradient increase = velocity of ground water increase Gradient decrease = velocity of ground water decrease What affects groundwater flow?

91. well: a hole that is dug below the water table and fills with groundwater cone of depression: cone-shaped depression in water table around a well artesian well: well in which water flows freely with no pumping necessary cap rock: top layer of impermeable rock

94. Cone of Depression

99. spring: flow of groundwater that emerges naturally at the ground surface artesian spring: natural flow of water to the surface from an artesian formation

101. hot spring: hot groundwater that rises to surface before cooling

102. geysers: hot springs that erupt periodically

104. Conserving Groundwater: Sources of pollution – water dumps, underground storage tanks, agriculture and lawn fertilizers, pesticides, leaking sewage

106. Groundwater Contamination

107. Conservation – monitor levels of water tables, discourage uses of excess water, recycle, purifying used water

108. Results of Weathering by Groundwater hard water: water that contains large amounts of dissolved minerals –has metallic taste, soap won’t make suds, damages appliances that use water

110. caverns : large cave with connecting chambers

111. Observe an animation of cave formation.

112. sinkhole : depression formed when the roof of a cavern collapses

114. stalactite : cone-shaped calcite deposit suspended from the ceiling of a cavern

115. stalagmite : cone-shaped calcite deposit built up from the floor of a cavern